Sir Walter Raleigh: In Life & Legend (64 page)

54 Hatfield MS 112/160.

55 TNA, S1 14/216/137.

56 M. Nicholls, 'Strategy and motivation in the Gunpowder plot', Historical Journal 50 (2007), 787-807, at 794-5.

57 Letters of Rale,Eh, pp. 295-6.

58 Hatfield MS 113/88.

59 Hatfield MS 113/94,Waad to Salisbury, 13 December 1605.

60 Hatfield MSS 113/33 (the examination of Harry Wattes on 23 November 1605), 119/151,119/152.

61 On these events and the process against Northumberland see M. Nicholls, Investigating Gunpowder Plot (Manchester, 1991), pp. 185-210.

62 ODNB, under Sanderson;TNA, C24/372/125 and 126; STAG 8/260/4;J. W. Shirley, 'Sir Walter Raleigh's Guiana finances', Huntington Library Quarterly 13 (1949-50), 55-69; R. A. McIntyre, 'William Sanderson: Elizabethan financier of discovery', William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd series, 13 (1956), pp. 184-201.

63 See R. Davies, Thomas Harriot and the Guiana voyage in 1595 (Durham Thomas Harriot Seminar Occasional Paper 24, [1997]), pp. 10-12; above, Chapter Eight, p. 175.

64 Nicholls, Investigating Gunpowder Plot, pp. 200-1.

65 See below, Chapter Eleven (i), pp. 248-9.

66 Letters of Rahgh, p. 329, n. 3.

67 HMC, Manuscripts of the Marquess of Dounzshire Volume III (London, 1938), pp. 108-9, letter dated 18 July 1611.

68 Letters of kale,Ehh, p. 329.

69 On the Syon dinner see Alnwick Castle, DNP: MS 101, fo. 35; Syon MS U. I.50(4c), a breving book for expenses in the Tower.

70 Beer, MyJust Desire, pp. 194-5.

71 A. Clark (ed.), Brief Lives,' Chiefly of Contemporaries, Set Down by John Aubrey (Oxford, 1898), ii, p. 194.

72 O. L. Dick (ed.), Aubrey's Brief Lives (London, 1949), p. 256.

73 On the Overbury affair see D. Lindley, Trials of Frances Howard: fact and fiction iii the court of Kin,Oames (London, 1993). Overbury, like Ralegh, was infamous for his pride. One contemporary remarked that it was 'a great question who was the proudest, Sir Walter or Sir Thomas Overbury, but the difference that was, was judged on Sir Thomas's side' (Dick, Aubrey's Brief Lives, p. 254).

74 See Croft, 'Libels, popular literacy and public opinion', p. 278.

75 J. Lorimer, Untruth and Consequences: Ralegh's Discoverie of Guiana and the "saltinW" of the gold mine (Hakluyt Society Annual Lecture for 2006), p. 14.

76 Letters of kalegh, pp. 297-301.

77 Ibid., pp. 322-5, 333.

78 Letters of Chamberlain, i, p. 292.

79 See below, Chapter Eleven, p. 250.

80 A. R. Beer, Sir Walter Ralegh and his Readers in the Seventeenth Century, Speaking to the People (Basingstoke, 1997), p. 24.

81 S. R. Gardiner, History of England from the accession of]ames I to the outbreak of the Civil War, 1603-42 (London, 1883-4), ii, p. 137.

82 E. Lodge, Portraits of Illustrious Personages of Great Britain, Volume IV (London, 1835), sub. Henry Prince of Wales.

83 J. Lorimer (ed.), Sir Walter Ralegh's Discoverie of Guiana (London, 2006), pp. 296-7.

84 Letters of Chamberlain, i, p. 389.

85 HW, Book 5, Chapter 6, Section 12.

86 An extraordinary version was presented by the physician Nicaise Le Fevre in the 1660s to the Royal Society. According to Le Fevre the cordial's ingredients included pearls, musk, ambergris, the stone of the oriental bezoar, serpentary of Virginia and herbs (Le Fevre, A Discourse Upon Sir Walter Rawleigh's Great Cordial (London, 1664)).

87 See ODNB, under Makin.

88 HMC, Diary of the first Earl (?f Egmont, Volume II (London, 1923), p. 442.

89 Lambeth MS 3203,fo. 378; ESTC 19180. On Ralegh as chemist see P. Lefranc, Sir Walter Ralegh ecrivain: 1'oeuvre et les ides (Paris, 1968), pp. 678-82.

90 BL, Sloane MS 359.

91 Letters of Chamberlain, i, pp. 374, 377, 582.

92 A. T. Vaughan, 'Sir Walter Ralegh's Indian interpreters, 1584-1618', William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd series, 59 (2002), p. 357.

CHAPTER 11(i)

1 A. R. Beer, Sir Walter Ralegh and his Readers in the Seventeenth Century, Speaking to the People (Basingstoke, 1997) is essential for Ralegh's prose writings in the Tower; appendices 1 and 2 list these works fully.

2 A. R. Beer, 'Sir Walter Ralegh's Dialogue betweene a counsellor of state and a justice of peace', in S. Clucas and R. Davies (eds), The Crisis of 1614 and the Addled Parliament (Aldershot, 2003), pp. 127-41, at 128-9.

3 Above, Chapter Five, for The Discoverie. Both works are published in facsimile by Scolar Press (London, 1967); the Report is now sometimes referred to as The Last Fight of the Revenge; Beer, Sir Walter Ralegh and his Readers, pp. 3-6; Beer, 'Sir Walter Ralegh's Dialogue', pp. 127-31. The best account of the last fight of the Revenge is in A. L. Rowse, Sir Richard Grenville (?f the Revenge' (London, 1937), pp. 300-20.

4 Beer, Sir Walter Ralegh and his Readers, pp. 157-63 and app. 2. For Milton's complex reasons in making the attribution see M. Dzelzainis, 'Milton and the protectorate in 1658', in D. Armitage et at. (eds), Milton and Republicanism (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 181-205. The Advice of a loving Sonne to his aged father, The Life and death of Mahomet, Observations touching trade, and The Sceptick are now generally dismissed from the Ralegh canon.

5 Beer, Sir Walter Ralegh and his Readers, pp. 24-5.

6 Above, Chapter Ten; Beer, Sir Walter Ralegh and his Readers, pp. 22-9.

7 Above, Chapter Ten; Works of Ralegh, viii, pp. 223-36.

8 Works of Ralegh, viii, pp. 237-52.

9 Ibid., p. 246.

10 Some versions of this tract were addressed to Prince Charles: see Beer, Sir Walter Ralegh and his Readers, p. 24.

11 For the history of this tract see Beer, Sir Walter Ralegh and his Readers, pp. 23, 25-7.

12 This recalls Ralegh's comment on his own sufferings on the Orinoco, he having been better 'dieted' than ordinary mariners. Above, Chapter Five.

13 Letters of Ralegh, pp. 301-4. On ship design see N. A. M. Rodger,'The development of broadside gunnery, 1450-1650', Mariner's Mirror 82 (1996), 301-24.

14 Works of Rale~h, viii, p. 327.

15 Ibid., p. 330.

16 Ibid., p. 331; above, Chapter Eight, p. 178, at n. 59.

17 P Lefranc, Sir Walter Ralegh ecrivain: l'oeuvre et les idees (Paris, 1968), p. 596.

18 Letters of Ralei h, p. 372; Beer, Sir Walter Ralegh and his Readers, pp. 25, 28.

19 Lefranc, Sir Walter Ralegh, pp. 599-601.

20 For the text see L. Echard, An Abridgment of Sir Walter Raleigh's History of the World...with Some Genuine Remains, publ. by Philip] Raleigh (London, 1700), pp. 27-70. Philip Ralegh was Sir Walter's grandson.

21 On the attribution to Ralegh, Lefranc, Sir Walter Ralegh, pp. 59-62.

22 The Crown's attempt to levy a tax (an imposition) upon imported currants had led in 1606 to the significant legal dispute known as Bate's case and to parliamentary dispute. Below, Chapter Eleven (iii).

23 On the concept of'hospitality' and its alleged decline at this time see F. Heal, Hospitality in Early Modern England (Oxford, 1990), chs 1-3.

24 Works of Ralegh, viii, pp. 557-70; Beer, Sir Walter Ralegh and his Readers, pp. 110-11, 123, 125-7, 129-32.

25 L. B. Wright (ed.), Advice to a Son: precepts of Lord Burghley, Sir Walter Raleigh, and Francis Osborne (Ithaca, NY, 1962), pp. 1-6.

26 Works of Ralegh, viii, pp. 558-61.

27 Printed in full in Letters of Ralegh, pp. 317-18.

CHAPTER 11(ii)

1 Above, Chapter Ten, pp. 228-9; WE Oakeshott, 'Sir Walter Ralegh's Library', The Library 23 (1968), 285-327.

2 C. H. Herford and P. Simpson (eds), Ben Jonson (Oxford, 1925-52), i, p. 138.

3 Letters of Rategh, p. 319.

4 HW, preface, sig. E3v; L. Tennenhouse, 'Sir Walter Raleigh and the literature of clientage', in G. F. Lytle and S. Orgel (eds), Patronage in the Renaissance (Princeton, NJ, 1981), pp. 235-58.

5 Beer, Sir Walter Ralegh and his Readers, pp. 22-31.

6 HW, Book 5, Chapter 6, Section 12.

7 O. L. Dick (ed.), Aubrey's Brief Lives (London, 1949), p. 257.

8 N. E. McClure (ed.), The Letters of john Chamberlain (Philadelphia, 1939), i, p. 568; E. Arber, A Transcript of the Registers of the Company of Stationers of London, 1554-1640 (London, 1876), iii, p. 207; v, p. ]xxvii; W A. Jackson (ed.), Records of the Court of the Stationers'Company, 1602 to 1640 (London, 1957),p.357;J. Racin,'The early editions of Sir Walter Ralegh's The History of the World', Studies in Bibliography 17 (1964), 199-209; J. Racin, Sir Walter Ralegh as Historian: an analysis of The History of the World (Salzburg, 1974), p. 7.

9 Jackson, Records of the Court of the Stationers' Company, p. 357.

10 HW, preface, sig. A2v.

11 HW, Book 2, Chapter 21, Section 6.

12 HW, preface, sig. A3.

13 HW, preface, sig. B1v.

14 HW, preface, sig. B2.

15 HW, preface, sig. C2.

16 S. J. Greenblatt, Sir Walter Ralegh: the renaissance man and his roles (London, 1973), esp. ch. 4; see A. Righter, Shakespeare and the Idea of the Play (London, 1964), ch. 3 for the general context of this metaphor.

17 HW, preface, sig. D1v. Cf. Rudick, Poems, no. 29; above, Chapter Seven, p. 162.

18 HW, Book 1, Chapter 1, Section 11.

19 HW, Book 2, Chapter 5, Section 10.

20 HW, Book 2, Chapter 12, Section 3.

21 HW, Book 2, Chapter 19, Section 3.

22 HW, Book 2, Chapter 19, Section 6; below, Chapter Eleven (iii), pp. 275-6.

23 HW, Book 2, Chapter 1, Section 13.

24 A. Williams, The Common Expositor: an account of the commentaries on Genesis 1527-1633 (Chapel Hill, 1948), ch. 1; B. Pererius, Cornmentariorurn et disputationum in Genesim (Cologne, 1601).

25 HW, Book 1, Chapter 3, Sections 1-15, Williams, The Cmnimon Expositor, ch. 5.

26 HW, Book 1, Chapter 8, Section 9.

27 HW, Book 2, Chapter 13, Section 7.

28 HW, Book 2, Chapter 24, Sections 1 and 2; E. Larkum, 'Providence and politics in Sir Walter Ralegh's The History of the World' (Oxford D. Phil thesis, 1997), pp. 26-7. We are indebted to Dr Larkum for her illuminating discussion of this and other topics in the History.

29 HW, Book 2, Chapter 13, Section 6.

30 HW, Book 1, Chapter 9, Section 2.

31 HW, Book 2, Chapter 4, Section 16.

32 HW, preface, sig. C2.

33 HW, Book 2, Chapter 19, Section 2; Beer, Sir Walter Ralegh and his Readers, p. 48.

34 HW, Book 2, Chapter 13, Section 7. Judg. 9: 6-15.

35 HW, Book 2, Chapter 16, Section 1; Book 2, Chapter 19, Section 6; 1 Samuel 8; James I, The true lain of free monarchies; Larkum, 'Providence and politics', chs iv, vi.

36 HW, Book 1, Chapter 9, Sections 1-4; Book 2, Chapter 4, Sections 3-16.

37 HW, Book 2, Chapter 28, Section 4/3; below, Chapter Eleven (iii), concerning A discourse oftlie ori,'inal and fundamental cause of...war.

38 HW, Book 3, Chapters 2-4.

39 HW, Book 3, Chapter 12, Section 7.

40 Racin, Sir Walter Ralegh as Historian, pp. 159-62; R. Lane Fox, Alexander the Great (London, 1973), p. 174; P. Briant, Darius daps 1'ombre d'Alexandre (Paris, 2003). We are grateful to Mr Lane Fox for drawing our attention to this source.

41 HW, Book 4, Chapter 2, Sections 16 and 23.

42 There is an excellent analysis in Beer, Sir Walter Ralegh and his Readers, pp. 51-5.

43 HW, Book 5, Chapter 3, Section 21.

44 Ibid.

45 HW, Book 5, Chapter 6, Section 2.

46 Ibid.

47 Howard was created Lord Howard de Walden by Elizabeth and Earl of Suffolk by Janes.

48 HW, Book 5, Chapter 6, Section 2.

49 HW, Book 4, Chapter 2, Section 16; cf. Book 5, Chapter 2, Section 14.

50 HW, Book 5, Chapter 1, Section 9.

51 Ibid. see above, Chapter Six, pp. 128-9; A. Gorges, Relation of fhe Ilands khygEe, printed in Purchns his Pil~rinies (London, 1625).

52 HW, Book 5, Chapter 6, Section 12; Greenblatt, Sir Walter Ralegh, pp. 149-54.

53 Greenblatt, Sir Walter Ralegh, pp. 150-54; P. Lefranc, Sir Walter RalcEh,lcrivain: l'oenvre et les ideas (Paris, 1968), p. 333; above, Chapter Seven, pp. 153-60.

54 Below, Chapter Fourteen, p. 332.

55 H. Fenton, A Dissertation on Reading the Classics (London, 1713; Scolar Press facsimile edn), pp. 199-201.

56 HW, preface, sig. E4.

57 HW, Book 1, Chapter 9, Section 1.

58 HW, Book 2, Chapter 20, Section 2.

59 HW, Book 5, Chapter 3, Section 4.

60 HW, preface, sig. D2v.

CHAPTER 11(iii)

1 D. L. Smith, The Stuart Parliaments, 1603-1689 (London, 1999), pp. 53-7, 107-9; T. L. Moir, The Addled Parliament of 1614 (Oxford, 1958), passim, for a general introduction. See also C. Russell, TheAddled Parliament of 1614: the limits to revision. Stenton Lecture 1991 (Reading, 1992); M. Jansson, Proceedings in Parliament, 1614. Horse of Commons (Philadelphia, 1988); S. Clucas and R. Davies (eds), The Crisis of 1614 and the Addled Parliament (Aldershot, 2003).

2 ODNB, under Hoskins, John (1566-1638).

3 Sarniiento later became Count Gondomar, under which name he is now better known.

4 The original MSS remain in the State Papers, Domestic, James I (SP 14/85 and SP14/84/44). A later edition is to be found in Works (?f Ralegh, viii, pp. 151-221, which is used here.

5 Above, Chapter Eleven (i), p. 245. A. R. Beer, 'Sir Walter Ralegh's Dialogue betweene a counsellor of state and a justice of the peace', in S. Clucas and R. Davies (eds), The Crisis of 1614 and the Addled Parliament (Aldershot, 2003), pp. 128-9.

6 A R. Beer, Sir Walter Ralegh and his Readers in the Seventeenth Century, Speaking to the People (Basingstoke, 1997), p. 63.

7 Quoted in J. P. Sommerville, Royalists and Patriots: politics and ideology in England, 1603-1640 (London, 1986), p. 143. Hakewill's speech was published in 1641 as The Libertie of the Subject.

8 Works of RaleeE'h, viii, p. 213; Beer, Sir Walter Ralegh and his Readers, p. 63.

9 Above, Chapter Eleven (ii), p. 258.

10 HW, Book 2, Chapter 16, Section 1; above, p. 264.

11 HW, Book 2, Chapter 19, Section 6.