Sir Walter Raleigh: In Life & Legend (63 page)

36 TNA, E 407/56, to. 90, Tower Bill for September-December 1603.

37 Nicholls, 'Sir Walter Ralegh's treason', p. 920.

38 TNA, SP 14/3/24.

39 L. M. Hill, 'The two-witness rule in English treason trials: some comments on the emergence of procedural law', American Journal of Legal History 12 (1968), 96-111.

40 Hatfield MSS 101/115, 102/157.

41 HMC, Manuscripts of the Marquis of Bath, ii, p. 51. The papers at Longleat are held with 'certaine hellish verses devysed by that Atheist and traitor Rawley as yt is said' (ibid., p. 52). It may indeed have been said, but the doggerel is unworthy of Ralegh's pen, even on a bad day. M. Rudick (ed.), The Poems of Sir Walter Ralegh: a historical edition (Tempe, AZ, 1999), pp. 67-9.

42 Lambeth MS 3201, to. 117. The judges met to determine whether there was a case to answer, in accordance with the old grand jury process which then applied under English criminal law.

43 Lambeth MS 3201, to. 112; TNA, KB 8: PRO Deputy Keeper's Fifth Report, App. II, pp. 135-7.

44 Bodleian Library, MS Carte 205, fos 131-135v; Nicholls, 'Sir Walter Ralegh's treason', pp. 918-24.

45 E. Sawyer (ed.), Memorials of Affairs of State (London, 1725), ii, p. 8.

46 TNA, SP 14/3/54; cf. 14/4/83, p. 10: 'for Brooke said unto Sir Griffine Markhame take heed how yow do make my Lord Cobham acquainted for what soever he knoweth Rawleigh the witche will gett it out of hym'.

47 Syon MS U.1.50a, U.1.50(3); Hatfield MS Accounts 6/31.

48 Jones, Journal Levinus Munck',p.246; cf. Hatfield MS 101/156.

49 J. Stow, The Annales of England...Continued...by E. Howes (London, 1615), pp. 828-9.

50 TNA, E 407/56, fos 92-8; Proceedings of the Society of Aatiquaries of London, November 17, 1859, to June 20, 1861, 2nd series,l, pp. 58-63, in which the editor, W. H. Hart, also records a tradition that links Ralegh with a house on Brixton Hill.

51 The fatherly advice given by Burghley to Robert Cecil is often repeated: 'I advise thee not to affect, or neglect, popularity too much. Seek not to be Essex: shun to be Raleigh.' For Joel Hurstfield, this was 'the authentic voice of Polonius'! See J. Hurstfield, The Queen's Wards: wardship and marriage under Elizabeth I (London, 1958), p. 257.

52 TNA, SP 14/4/76; Lambeth MS 3201, fo. 161v.

53 Rudick, Poems, p. 187.

54 A. R. Beer, My just Desire: the life of Bess Ralegh, wife to Sir Walter (New York, 2003), p. 149.

55 The obvious theatrical power of the occasion was recognized by Christopher Lee in his play 'The Trial of Walter Ralegh', broadcast on BBC Radio 4 on the afternoon of 5 November 2003.

56 The sources for Ralegh's trial are listed in Nicholls, 'Two Winchester trials', p. 26, n. 2.

57 [Overbury] The Arraignment and Conviction of Sir Walter Rawleigh...Coppied by Sir Tho: Overbury (London, 1648), pp. 2-4;TNA, KB 8/58.

58 On de Renzy, who later transformed himself into a Gaelic scholar, see B. Mac Cuarta (ed.), 'Matthew de Renzy's letters on Irish affairs, 1613-1620', Analecta Hibernica 34 (1987), 107-82; Mac Cuarta, 'A planter's interaction with Gaelic culture: Sir Matthew de Renzy (1577-1634)', Irish Economic and Social History 20 (1993), 1-17.

59 [Overbury] TheArraignment of Rawleigh, p. 1.

60 Inner Temple Petyt MS 538/36, fos 273v-274r; [Overbury] The Arraignment of Rawleigh, p. 6. 'Correct' behaviour when on trial for treason could make a difference, see Nicholls, 'Treason's Reward', passim.

61 lOverbury]TThcArraigurneut of Rawleigh, pp. 5, 20.

62 Ibid., p. 5.

63 Ibid., p. 5; Inner Temple Petyt MS 538/36, fo. 273v.

64 Bodleian Library, MS Carte 77, to. 78; Nicholls, 'Two Winchester trials', p. 45.

65 TNA, SP 14/6/37.

66 K. Cunningham, "'A Spanish heart in an English body": the Ralegh treason trial and the poetics of proof',Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies 22 (1992), 327-51, at 339.

67 [Overbury] TheArraigamenat of Rawleigh, p. 6.

68 Ibid., pp. 19-20.

69 See Nicholls, 'Two Winchester trials', p. 35.

70 [Overbury]TheArraigzmenit of Rawleigh, p. 11.

71 Ibid., pp. 12-13.

72 Ibid., p. 17.

73 J. W. Shirley, Thomas Harriot: a biography (Oxford, 1983), pp. 308-10.

74 [Overbury]TIueArraignrnent of Rawleigh, p. 17.

75 Ibid., p. 18.

76 Ibid., p. 17.

77 Ibid., p. 7.

78 Ibid., pp. 15-16.

79 Ibid., pp. 8-9.

80 Ibid., p. 9.

81 See R. Davies, "'The Great Day of Mart": returning to texts at the trial of Sir Walter Ralegh in 1603', Renaissance Forum 4:1 (1999); Cunningham, "'A Spanish heart in an English body"', pp. 342-3.

82 I Overbury]TheArraignment of Rawleigh, p. 21.

83 BL, Harley MS 39, fo. 318v.

84 [Overbury]Tlie Arraignment of Rawleigh, p. 15.

85 Nicholls, 'Sir Walter Ralegh's treason', pp. 907-8.

86 The effect on Harriot of so public and extraordinary a censure must, as John Shirley suggests, have been profound (Thomas Harriot: a biography, pp. 316-24).

87 See Cunningham, "'A Spanish heart in an English body"', p. 344.

88 Rudick, Poems, p. 182. See F. B. Williams Jr, 'Thomas Rogers on Raleigh's atheism', Notes and Queries 213 (1968), 368-70.

89 BL, Cotton Titus C V11, fo. 92v; [Overbury] The Arraignment of Rawleigh, p. 25.

90 TNA, SP 14/4/91. The French Ambassador, a close friend of Northumberland, writes of Ralegh's fury at being dismissed from his captaincy of the guard in late April (S. R. Gardiner, History of England from theAccession of James I to the Outbreak (?f the Civil War, 1603-42 (London, 1883-4), i, p. 94-5). While Cecil clearly bore the brunt of that outburst, an April date seems too early for the incident here mentioned by Cobham.

91 TNA, SP 14/4/91.

92 Arguing that an undated 'abstract' of the treasons, compiled by Coke, shows the Milford Haven evidence to have been known to the authorities as early as August, Edward Edwards failed to spot that the passage relating to Milford Haven is a later alteration, the document as originally compiled carrying the charge set out in the indictment. Even though the prosecution did not proceed as he had planned, it is hard to think of a reason why Coke, armed with so damning an accusation, would have failed to make use of it at the trial (Edwards, The Life (?fSir Walter Ralegh, i, p. 439; ii, p. 462-3;TNA, SP 14/4/80).

93 Providing an elaboration of Cobham's cryptic 20 July reference to talk of'plottes and invasions', for example (Nicholls, 'Sir Walter Ralegh's treason', p. 915).

94 For Cobham's arraignment see Nicholls, 'Two Winchester trials', pp. 43-4. Two other reports of the trial by Michael Hickes (not himself present) and Thomas Phellippes (who may or may not have been) only assert that Cobham accused Ralegh of either aggravating or inciting his discontent. For Cecil's letter, see TNA, SP 84/64, fos 78-80, at to. 79v.

95 Letters of Ralegh, p. 261.

96 Lambeth MS 3201, fo. 162

97 Lambeth MS 3201,fo. 161v; Bodleian Library, MS Carte 80,fo. 623v.

98 Bodleian Library, MS Carte 80, fo. 623v; Lambeth MS 3201, fo. 162; See Nicholls, 'Two Winchester trials', pp. 44-5.

99 Stow, Annales, p. 831.

100 Lambeth MS 3203, to. 150v.

101 BL, Harley MS 2194, to. 65v.

102 Grey continued to struggle for the right tone in letters written to the King after his trial, in which he begged for mercy (Hatfield MS 102/38, 39, 66).

103 Hatfield MS 102/47.

104 The Countess of Kildare had written to her husband in October: 'help your sleffe iff it maye be, I saye no more, but dra not the yueke of others burdens' (SP 14/4/36xii).

105 Hatfield MS 187/135.

106 Gardiner, History of England, i, p. 139. Cobham could not win - his bravery on the scaffold was discounted by critics:'We might see by him', sneered Dudley Carleton,'it is an easier matter to die well then live well.' (Bodleian Library, MS Carte 80, to. 627v).

107 Hatfield MS 99/162a.

108 Hatfield MS 101/123.

109 Hatfield MS 102/51.

110 G. Goodman, The Court of King James I, ed. J. S. Brewer (London, 1839), i, p. 115; J. Rushworth (ed.), Historical Collections (London, 1721-2), i, p. 4.

111 Edwards, The Life of Sir Walter Ralegh, i, p. 388; The Works of Francis Osborn, Esq. (London, 1682), p. 429; Rowse, Ralegh and the Throckinortons, p. 239.

112 [M. Hale], The History and Analysis of the Common Law (?f England (London, 1713), p. 258.

113 See A. D. Boyer, 'The trial of Sir Walter Ralegh: the law of treason, the trial of treason and the origins of the confrontation clause', Mississippi LawJournal74 (2005), 869-901. The Supreme Court case referred to is Crawford v. Washington (2004).

114 Bodleian Library, MS Carte 80, to. 622v.

115 Bodleian Library, MS Tanner 299; A. R. Beer, Sir Walter Ralegh and his readers in the seventeenth century, speaking to the people (Basingstoke, 1997), p. 19.

116 B. Jonson, Sejanus his fall, ed. P. J. Ayres (Manchester, 1999), pp. 16-22.

117 Jones, Journal of Levinus Munck', p. 247. The last sentence echoes Cecil's letter to the ambassadors passing on details of the trial (TNA, SP 84/64, to. 79).

118 Lambeth MS 3201, fo. 151.

119 TNA, SP 46/60, to. 173.

120 TNA, SP 94/9, to. 54v, letter from R. Cocks in Bayonne.

121 Hatfield MS 101/102.

122 F. Devon, Issues of the Exchequer...during the Reign of King James I (London, 1836), p. 7.

CHAPTER 10

1 Letters of Rale ''h, pp. 263-6. Note ProfessorYouings' comments on the two versions of this letter (p. 265, n. 2).

2 Letters of Rale,Eh, p. 265; Hatfield MS 102/54. That was clearly what Cobham thought; see his letter to Cecil, Hatfield MS 102/59.

3 Letters of RalevEth, p. 266, n.11.

4 Ibid., p. 262.

5 Ibid., p. 265.

6 Bodleian Library, MS Carte 80, to. 626v. On the motives for clemency see also D. Newton, The MaLiiig of the jacobeana Reginie:James VI and I and thegovermne,it of Euglmrd, 160.3-1605 (London, 2005), p. 41.

7 See Letters of Ral(gh, p. 309.

8 Hatfield MS 102/48.

9 E. Sawyer (ed.), Winwood, Memorials of affairs of state (London, 1725), ii, p. 11.

10 Lambeth MS 3201, fo. 159.

11 Hatfield MS 187/133.

12 A copy of the King's warrant fora stay of execution in respect of Cobham and Grey is at Hatfield MS 102/62. See also MS 102/70.

13 BL, Harley MS 2194, fo. 66.

14 TNA, SP 14/5/20.

15 Hatfield MS 102/89.

16 TNA, SP 14/103/67,Thomas Wilson to the King, 2 November 1618.

17 Letters of Rnle h, p. 284.

18 Ibid., p. 285.

19 TNA, SP 14/19/112. The enclosed garden of the Lieutenant's lodging, extending towards Tower Green, is difficult to visualise today, but is shown clearly on the Haiward and Gascoyne survey of the Tower, executed in 1597.

20 W. Oakeshott, 'Sir Walter Ralegh's library', The Library, 5th series, 23 (1968), pp. 285-327. Ralegh rarely signed his books, but a further instance to those listed by Oakeshott is St John's College Cambridge D.8.47, a copy of Werner Rolevinck's highly popular FasciculusTemporuin ([Paris], 1518).

21 D. Hahn, The Tower Menagerie (London, 2003), p. 89.

22 J. M. Levine, 'Sir Walter Ralegh and the ancient wisdom', in B. Y. Kunze and D. D. Brautigam (eds), Court, Country and Culture: essays on early modern British history in honor of Perez Zagorin (Rochester, NY, 1992), pp. 89-108, at 95.

23 Hatfield MS 191/139.

24 Hatfield MS 189/2, 3 and 6.

25 Hatfield MS 115/21; J. W. Shirley, Thomas Harriot: a biography (Oxford, 1983), pp. 323-4.

26 A. T. Vaughan, 'Sir Walter Ralegh's Indian interpreters, 1584-1618', William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd series, 59 (2002), 341-76.

27 See Vaughan, 'Ralegh's Indian interpreters', pp. 367-8.

28 M. Nicholls (ed.), 'George Percy's "Trewe Relacyon": a primary source for the Jamestown settlement', Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 113 (2005), 212-75.

29 Oakeshott, 'Ralegh's library', p. 288. For Northumberland's books see G. R. Batho's article in The Library, 5th series, 15 (1960), 246-61.

30 H. M. Wallis,'The first English globe: a recent discovery', Geographical Journal 117 (1951), 275-90.

31 Bodleian Library, MS Carte 80, to. 604.

32 Richard Carew had dedicated his 1602 Survey of Cornwall to Ralegh.

33 A. R. Beer, My just Desire: the life of Bess Ralegh, wife to Sir Walter (New York, 2003), pp. 166-8.

34 Letters of Kahvth, p. 332.

35 HMC, Ei'Iitli RcportAppcndix I, p. 88b; BL, Add. MS 11402, fo. 112.

36 Lambeth MS 3202, fo. 65.

37 Letters of Rale,ch, p. 287.

38 Ibid., p. 285.

39 Ibid., p. 292.

40 TNA, SP 14/19/112.

41 BL,Add. MS 72709, fo. 1.

42 Letters of kalecli, p. 292.

43 T. Rymer, Foedera, Conventiones, Literae...(London, 1726-35), xvi, pp. 569-72.

44 Hatfield MS 101/157.

45 Letters of Ralegh, p. 284.

46 A signed counterpart survives at Sherborne Castle (SHR/C/M). The conveyance was made to Sir Arthur Throckmorton, Alexander Brett (Bess's cousin) and Thomas Harriot. The words 'That the said Sir Walter should stand and be seized' are omitted from the twentieth line. The volume of Deeds 1593-1610 at Sherborne identifies the missing words at to. 17.

47 Letters of Ralegh, p. 308.

48 See P. Croft, 'Libels, popular literacy and public opinion in early modern England', Historical Research 68 (1995), 279.

49 Letters of Chamberlain, i, p. 280, letter of 10 January 1609.

50 HMC, Report on manuscripts in various collections, Volume VIII (London, 1913), pp. 3-4.

51 Letters of Ralegh, pp. 313-15. The recipient of Ralegh's letter, apparently Cecil, has been generous and helpful in devising the terns. Sherborne Castle, SHR/C/M, Legal Documents 1593-1610, fos 19r-23v.

52 TNA, E407/56, to. 99, bill of the lieutenant of the Tower for January to March 1604.

53 Hatfield MS 112/13. Note the biography of Waad by Fiona Bengtsen, Sir William Waad, lieutenant of theTower, and the Gunpowder plot (Victoria, BC, 2005).