Authors: Doris Kearns Goodwin
Another youth…“on the Judgment Day”: Alcott,
Hospital Sketches,
pp. 62–63 (quote p. 63).
“If she were worldly wise…many journals”: Stoddard,
Inside the White House in War Times,
p. 48.
“While her sister-women…the White House”: Ames,
Ten Years in Washington,
p. 237.
Mary continued…work discreetly:
Chicago Tribune,
July 4, 1872; Mary Elizabeth Massey,
Bonnet Brigades
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1966), p. 44.
“our ever-bountiful benefactress & friend”:
NR,
December 27, 1861.
“an angel of mercy”:
NR,
June 27, 1862.
Lincoln had asked the legislature: AL, “Message to Congress,” March 6, 1862, in
CW,
V, pp. 144–46.
“less than one half-day’s”…border states combined: AL to James A. McDougall, March 14, 1862, in
CW,
V, p. 160.
“to surrender…the Union dissolved”:
NYT,
July 13, 1862.
If the rebels…lose heart: AL, “Message to Congress,” March 6, 1862, in
CW,
V, p. 145.
“emancipation in any form…the Border States”: Editors’ note on majority reply to AL, “Appeal to Border State Representatives to Favor Compensated Emancipation,” July 12, 1862, in ibid., p. 319 n1.
“never doubted…to abolish slavery”: AL, “Message to Congress,” April 16, 1862, in ibid., p. 192.
“I trust I am not…seem like a dream”: Frederick Douglass to CS, April 8, 1862, reel 25, Sumner Papers.
As slaves in the District…“when they wished”: Smith,
Francis Preston Blair,
p. 354.
“all but one…quarters”: EBL to SPL, April 19, 1862, in
Wartime Washington,
ed. Laas, p. 130.
Henry…the rest of his life: Henry, quoted in Smith,
Francis Preston Blair,
p. 354.
Nanny…“children are free”: EBL to SPL, April 19, 1862, in
Wartime Washington,
ed. Laas, p. 130.
a new confiscation bill: “An Act to suppress Insurrection, to punish Treason and Rebellion, to seize and confiscate the Property of Rebels, and for other Purposes,” July 17, 1862, in
Statutes at Large, Treaties, and Proclamations of the United States of America,
Vol. 12 (Boston, 1863), pp. 589–92, available through “Chronology of Emancipation During the Civil War,”
Freedmen and Southern Society Project,
University of Maryland, College Park, www.history.umd.edu/Freedmen/conact2.htm (accessed April 2004).
“It was…a dead letter from the start”: “Confiscation Act of July 17, 1862,” in Mark E. Neely, Jr.,
The Abraham Lincoln Encyclopedia
(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1982), p. 68.
a “disturbing influence…to break anew”: CS, quoted in James G. Blaine,
Twenty Years of Congress: From Lincoln to Garfield,
Vol. I (Norwich, Conn.: Henry Bill Publishing Co., 1884), p. 374.
“our friends…take it at its flood”: Entry for July 14, 1862, in Browning,
The Diary of Orville Hickman Browning,
Vol. I, p. 558.
“will be an end…errors of policy”: Henry Cooke to Jay Cooke, July 16, 1862, in Ellis Paxson Oberholtzer,
Jay Cooke: Financier of the Civil War
(Philadelphia: George W. Jacobs & Co., 1907), p. 199.
“looked weary…in his voice”: Entry for July 15, 1862, in Browning,
The Diary of Orville Hickman Browning,
Vol. I, p. 560.
the president traveled…final days of the term: JGN to TB, July 18, 1862, container 2, Nicolay Papers.
an extraordinarily productive session: See Leonard P. Curry,
Blueprint for Modern America: Nonmilitary Legislation of the First Civil War Congress
(Nashville, Tenn.: Vanderbilt University Press, 1968), pp. 101–36, 147–48, 179–97, 244–52.
“he had lately begun…d’etat for our Congress”: Entry for July 21, 1862,
Chase Papers,
Vol. I, p. 348.
“I ask Congress…lost one advocate”: WHS to FAS, July 12, 1862, quoted in Seward,
Seward at Washington…1861–1872,
pp. 115–16.
The debates had grown…“part in them”: Field,
Memories of Many Men,
pp. 264–65.
“a moral…political wrong”: AL, “Sixth Debate with Stephen A. Douglas, at Quincy, Illinois,” October 13, 1858, in
CW,
III, p. 254.
uses to which slaves were put by the Confederacy: Welles, “History of Emancipation,”
Galaxy
(1872), pp. 843, 844; Hendrick,
Lincoln’s War Cabinet,
p. 355.
emancipation could be considered a military necessity: Welles, “History of Emancipation,”
Galaxy
(1872), p. 850.
the funeral of Stanton’s infant son:
Star,
July 11, 1862.
“emancipating the slaves…justifiable”: Entry for c. July 1862,
Welles diary,
Vol. I (1960 edn.), pp. 70–71.
when messengers…by the diplomats in attendance: Entry for July 21, 1862,
Chase Papers,
Vol. I, p. 348.
all members save the postmaster: Welles, “History of Emancipation,”
Galaxy
(1872), p. 844.
books in the library: MTL to Benjamin B. French, July 26, [1862], in Turner and Turner,
Mary Todd Lincoln,
pp. 129–30; Seale,
The President’s House,
Vol. I, pp. 291–92, 380.
“profoundly concerned…and slavery”: Entry for July 21, 1862,
Chase Papers,
Vol. I, p. 348.
Lincoln read several orders…“decide the question”: Entry for July 21, 1862, ibid., pp. 348–49.
another cabinet session; Carpenter painting: Stoddard,
Inside the White House in War Times,
p. 11; entry for July 22, 1862,
Chase Papers,
Vol. I, p. 351.
Lincoln took the floor…“on the slavery question”: Welles, “History of Emancipation,”
Galaxy
(1872), p. 844.
“had resolved upon…their advice”: Carpenter,
Six Months at the White House,
p. 21.
His draft proclamation…“and forever”: AL, “Emancipation Proclamation—First Draft,” [July 22, 1862], in
CW,
V, p. 337.
statistics on slaves in border states and Confederacy: These statistics are based on 1860 census data for the numbers of slaves living in the border slave states that remained in the Union, and the eleven slave states that formed the Confederacy.
“fraught with consequences…could not penetrate”: Welles, “History of Emancipation,”
Galaxy
(1872), p. 841.
the members were startled…“immediate promulgation”: EMS memorandum, July 22, 1862, reel 3, Stanton Papers, DLC.
Bates’s approval…cadet at West Point: Introduction, and entries for April 14, 1862, and November 30, 1863, in
The Diary of Edward Bates, 1859–1866,
pp. xv–xvi, 250, 319.
his “very decided…the white race”: Welles, “History of Emancipation,”
Galaxy
(1872), pp. 844–45.
“among our colored…‘which they profess’”: Entry for September 25, 1862, in
The Diary of Edward Bates, 1859–1866,
pp. 263–64.
Welles remained silent…“intensify the struggle”: Memorandum from September 22, 1862, quoted in Welles, “History of Emancipation,”
Galaxy
(1872), p. 848.
“extreme exercise of war powers”: Entry for October 1, 1862,
Welles diary,
Vol. I (1960 edn.), p. 159.
Caleb Smith…“attack the administration”: Usher,
President Lincoln’s Cabinet,
p. 17.
Blair spoke up…“were in vain”: Welles, “History of Emancipation,”
Galaxy
(1872), p. 847.
“beyond anything…universal emancipation”: EMS memorandum, July 22, 1862, reel 3, Stanton Papers, DLC.
“depredation and massacre…soon as practicable”: Entry for July 22, 1862,
Chase Papers,
Vol. I, p. 351.
The bold proclamation…“was his specialty”: Entry for August 22, 1863,
Welles diary,
Vol. I (1960 edn.), p. 415.
“golden moment…four thousand years”: Christopher Wolcott to Pamphila Stanton Wolcott, July 27, 1862, in Wolcott, “Edwin M. Stanton,” p. 158a.
Lincoln later maintained…“Seward spoke”: Carpenter,
Six Months at the White House,
p. 21.
a racial war in the South…their economic interests: EMS memorandum, July 22, 1862, reel 3, Stanton Papers, DLC.
“The public mind…to give them effect”: WHS to FAS, August 7, 1862, in Seward,
Seward at Washington…1861–1872,
p. 121.
“would have been…territory was conquered”: Carpenter, “A Day with Governor Seward,” Seward Papers.
“Mr. President…
shriek,
on the retreat”: WHS, quoted in Carpenter,
Six Months at the White House,
pp. 21–22.
“until the eagle…about his neck”: Carpenter, “A Day with Governor Seward,” Seward Papers.
Seward’s argument…met with Lincoln: Francis B. Cutting to EMS, February 20, 1867, reel 11, Stanton Papers, DLC.
“The wisdom of…the progress of events”: AL, quoted in Carpenter,
Six Months at the White House,
p. 22.
“with public sentiment…nothing can succeed”: AL, “First Debate with Stephen A. Douglas at Ottawa, Illinois,” August 21, 1858, in
CW,
III, p. 27.
On August 14…opportunity among their own people: “Address on Colonization to a Deputation of Negroes,” August 14, 1862, in
CW,
V, pp. 371–75.
“We were entirely hostile”…to the proposal: Edward M. Thomas to AL, August 16, 1862, Lincoln Papers.
“are as much the natives…to a distant shore”:
Liberator,
August 22, 1862.
provoked Frederick Douglass: Christopher N. Breiseth, “Lincoln and Frederick Douglass: Another Debate,”
Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society
68, no. 1 (February 1975), pp. 14–15.
“ridiculous…and bitter persecution”:
Douglass’ Monthly
(September 1862).
the “drop of honey”: AL, “Temperance Address,” February 22, 1842, in
CW,
I, p. 273.
“How much better…homes in America!”: Entry for August 15, 1862,
Chase Papers,
Vol. I, p. 362.
cheap “clap-trap…perhaps of both”: Entry for August, 1862, in Gurowski,
Diary from March 4, 1861 to November 12, 1862,
pp. 251–52.
“The Prayer of Twenty Millions”:
NYTrib,
August 20, 1862.
seizing the opportunity to begin instructing the public:
NYT,
August 24, 1862.
“As to the policy…will help the cause”: AL to Horace Greeley, August 22, 1862, in
CW,
V, pp. 388–89.
“I am sorry…than human freedom”: FAS to WHS, August 24, 1862, reel 114, Seward Papers.
“killed years ago…destruction of slavery”: WHS, quoted in Carpenter,
Six Months at the White House,
pp. 72–73.
no “truly republican…a great moral evil”: FAS, miscellaneous fragment, reel 197, Seward Papers.
CHAPTER 18: “MY WORD IS OUT”
Halleck ordered McClellan…Alexandria: Henry W. Halleck to EMS, August 30, 1862, in
OR,
Ser. 1, Vol. XII, Part III, p. 739; John J. Hennessy,
Return to Bull Run: The Campaign and Battle of Second Manassas
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993), p. 10.
He argued ferociously…“disastrous in the extreme”: GBM to Henry W. Halleck, August 4, 1862, in
Civil War Papers of George B. McClellan,
pp. 383–84 (quote p. 383).
His only hope…of his command: GBM to MEM, August 8, [1862], in ibid., p. 388.
After delaying…until August 24: GBM to Henry W. Halleck, August 12, [1862], in ibid., pp. 390–93; Henry W. Halleck to EMS, August 30, 1862, in
OR,
Ser. 1, Vol. XII, Part III, p. 739.
General Lee moved north…the combined forces of Lee, Longstreet, and Jackson: Hennessy,
Return to Bull Run,
pp. 50–51, 55, 92–93, 122–23, 136.
“What is the stake?…
cause also”
: WHS to FAS[?], August 21, 1862, quoted in Seward,
Seward at Washington…1861–1872,
p. 124.
a comet appeared in the northern sky:
NR,
August 27, 1862.
“When beggars die”: William Shakespeare,
The Tragedy of Julius Caesar,
Act II, sc.
2. 474 Although McClellan agreed…“leave of absence!”: Sears,
George B. McClellan,
pp. 252–56; GBM to MEM, August 24, [1862], in
Civil War Papers of George B. McClellan,
p. 404 (quote).
“Pope is beaten…Washn again”: GBM to MEM, August 23, [1862], in
Civil War Papers of George B. McClellan,
p. 400.
“the smell of the gunpowder…perceptible”:
Star,
August 30, 1862.
“distant thunder”:
NR,
September 1, 1862.
gathered on street corners…rumors flew: Leech,
Reveille in Washington,
p. 188; entry for September 3, 1862,
Welles diary,
Vol. I (1960 edn.), p. 106.
“Stonewall Jackson…about equal proportions”:
NR,
September 1, 1862.