The Birth of the Pill: How Four Crusaders Reinvented Sex and Launched a Revolution (56 page)

Hatt, Paul K.
Backgrounds of Human Fertility in Puerto Rico
. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1952.

Hill, Reuben, et al.
The Family and Population Control
. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1959.

Hilts, Philip J.
Protecting America’s Health
. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003.

Katz, Esther, ed.
The Selected Papers of Margaret Sanger
, Vol. 3
.
Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2010.

Kennedy, David M.
Birth Control in America
. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1970.

Lader, Lawrence.
The Margaret Sanger Story.
New York: Doubleday, 1955.

Lepore, Jill.
The Mansion of Happiness: A History of Life and Death.
New York: Vintage Books, 2012.

Lerner, Max.
America as a Civilization.
New York: Simon & Schuster, 1957.

Maisel, Albert Q.
The Hormone Quest
. New York: Random House, 1965.

Marks, Laura V.
Sexual Chemistry.
New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001.

Marsh, Margaret, and Wanda Ronner.
The Fertility Doctor: John Rock and the Reproductive Revolution.
Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008.

May, Elaine Tyler.
America and the Pill
. New York: Basic Books, 2010.

McLaughlin, Loretta.
The Pill, John Rock, and the Church: The Biography of a Revolution
. Boston: Little, Brown, 1982.

Metalious, Grace.
Peyton Place.
Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1999.

Meyerowitz, Joanne, ed.
Not June Cleaver: Women and Gender in Postwar America, 1945–1960.
Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994.

Noonan, John T., Jr.
Contraception: A History of Its Treatment by the Catholic Theologians and Canonists
. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1965.

Oshinsky, David M.
Polio: An American Story
. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.

Oudshoorn, Nelly.
Beyond the Natural Body: An Archaeology of Sex Hormones
. London: Routledge, 1994.

Petersen, James R.
The Century of Sex: Playboy’s History of the Sexual Revolution, 1900–1999
. New York: Grove Press, 1999.

Pincus, Gregory.
The Control of Fertility.
New York: Academic Press, 1965.

———.
The Eggs of Mammals.
New York: Macmillan, 1936.

Ramirez de Arellano, Annette B.
Colonialism, Catholicism, and Contraception.
Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1983.

Reed, James.
From Private Vice to Public Virtue: The Birth Control Movement and American Society Since 1830
. New York: Basic Books, 1978.

Roach, Mary.
Bonk.
New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2008.

Rock, John.
The Time Has Come.
London: Catholic Book Club, 1963.

Sanger, Margaret.
The Autobiography of Margaret Sanger.
Mineola, NY: Dover, 1971.

Smith, Janet E.
Humanae Vitae: A Generation Later.
Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 1991.

Speroff, Leon.
A Good Man: Gregory Goodwin Pincus.
Portland: Arnica Publishing, 2009.

Stycos, J. Mayone.
Family and Fertility in Puerto Rico
. New York: Columbia University Press, 1955.

Suitters, Beryl.
Be Brave and Angry: Chronicles of the International Planned Parenthood Federation.
London: International Planned Parenthood Federation, 1973.

Talese, Gay.
Thy Neighbor’s Wife
. New York: Doubleday, 1980.

Tentler, Leslie Woodcock.
Catholics and Contraception: An American History.
Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2004.

Tone, Andrea.
Devices and Desires: A History of Contraceptives in America
. New York: Hill and Wang, 2001.

———, ed.
Controlling Reproduction.
Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 1997.

Vaughan, Paul.
The Pill on Trial
. New York: Coward-McCann, 1970.

Villee, Claude A., ed.
Control of Ovulation
. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1961.

Watkins, Elizabeth Siegel.
On the Pill: A Social History of Oral Contraceptives, 1950–1970.
Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998.

Wood, Clive, and Beryl Suitters.
The Fight for Acceptance: A History of Contraception
. Aylesbury, UK: Medical and Technical Publishing Co., 1970.

Zuckerman, Solly.
Beyond the Ivory Tower.
London: Scientific Book Club, 1970.

Index

Page numbers listed correspond to the print edition of this book. You can use your device’s search function to locate particular terms in the text.

ABC, 268

abortion, 14, 20, 35, 37, 38-39, 55, 105, 109, 113, 150, 163, 167, 204, 211, 212-13, 255, 264, 278-79, 291, 295, 314

Abraham, 14

adoptions, 175

adrenal glands, 26, 122, 158

adrenaline, 154–55

adultery, 5, 14, 17, 56, 186–87, 311

African Americans, 53, 71, 158–59, 220, 319

agricultural science, 69

Agriculture Department, U.S., 282

alcoholism, 37

Alcove bookshop, 69

Alicoa, Herminia, 241

All Quiet on the Western Front
(Remarque), 125

amenorrhea, 257

American Birth Control Conference (1921), 94

American Birth Control League, 59

American Jewish Congress, 50

American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
248

American Law Institute, 294

American Medical Association (AMA), 52, 105, 292

amphetamines, 178–79

androgens, 115–16, 138

Andromeda, 303

angina, 209

Anglican Church, 297

“Annus Mirabilis” (Larkin), vii

antacids, 252

antibacterial drugs, 26

antibiotics, 246

anticonvulsant drugs, 79

anti-Semitism, 62–63, 77, 78, 79, 103–4

anxiety, 177–78

Arden House, 99–100

Aristotle, 7, 14, 23

Arizona, University of, 204

Arizona Inn, 202–3

Arnold, Matthew, 62

arthritis, 26, 286

Asbell, Bernard, 279

Asia, 59, 164–65, 204, 213, 312–13

aspirin, 198–99, 254

Associated Press (AP), 80, 299

atomic bomb, 18, 123, 124, 185

Ave Maria,
319

baboons, 12–13

Baby Boom, 20, 125, 195–96, 197, 281

“back wards,” 178

Bahá’í Faith, 169

Bailey, Martha J., 320

Baker, Ella, 220

baldness, 119–20, 145

Balog, James, 278–79

Barbary macaques, 13

barbiturates, 177, 178

Baron de Hirsch Agricultural School, 63

Barth, Karl, 297

Baulieu, Étienne, 314

beads, 238

Beauvoir, Simone de, 146–47

Bellow, Saul, 16

Bernard, Laura Pincus, 79, 82, 84, 87–88, 194, 217, 272–73, 299–300, 322–23

Bernard, Michael, 273

Berthold, Arnold, 121

Better Homes and Gardens,
186

Bible, 14, 107

Bill of Rights, 318

“Biological Synthesis and Metabolism of Steroid Hormones” (Pincus), 158

birth control:

abortion and, 55, 109, 113, 150, 163, 167, 204, 212–13, 255, 264, 278–79, 291, 295, 314

childbirth and, 43, 204, 219, 251, 255

clinics and counseling for, 3, 46–47, 53, 54, 56, 59, 94, 112, 147, 156, 160, 165–68, 170, 183, 224, 233, 291

conference on (1925), 54

conservative opposition to, 14, 20, 31, 32, 50, 52, 107–10, 119–20, 186

cost of, 56, 124, 135–39, 147–48, 160–61, 193, 213–14

disease prevention and, 7, 48–49, 50, 56–57, 60–61

distribution of, 46–47, 51–52, 112, 166–67, 238–43

doctors as supporters of, 4, 49, 50–52, 54, 56–57, 59, 103–4, 108, 131–34, 157, 158, 160–61, 168–71, 176–77, 192–93, 202, 204, 206, 221–22, 224, 229, 240, 254, 257, 258–59, 260–61, 264, 270, 274, 277–78, 280, 285–86, 289, 297, 301–3, 305, 316, 320–21

dosage of, 133–34, 206, 216, 232, 242–43, 252–53, 262, 274, 296, 300, 313

economic impact of, 24–25, 34–35, 39, 42–43, 109, 150–51, 160, 164–65, 196–97, 206, 213–14, 268, 269

education on, 147–48, 156, 167–71, 196–97, 238–43, 277–78

effectiveness of, 3–4, 38–39

elitism and, 160–61

eugenics and, 24–25, 42–43, 52–53, 71, 73–74, 148–50

failure rates of, 38–39, 291–92

as family planning, 6, 20, 24, 43, 46, 57, 108–10, 123, 133, 148, 150, 164–65, 168–71, 177–78, 184–86, 197–98, 231–32, 268, 278, 285, 302

funding for, 59, 60–61, 123–24, 185–86

history of, 7, 12–20

hormone research on, 9–11, 23–28, 58–61, 72, 74, 80–81, 82, 84, 93, 98–99, 115–17, 121–23, 135–39, 154–55, 157, 176

information on, 43, 44, 47, 51–52, 56–57

by injection, 98, 138, 144

international support for, 147, 284–85, 295, 304–5

laws against, 4, 14, 43–44, 49, 50–51, 56, 95, 106, 112, 113, 130, 159, 167, 276, 294–96, 318

leadership of, 59–60, 61, 99, 100–101, 184–86

liberal support for, 186

male attitudes on, 39–40, 49, 166, 167–68, 179–80, 231–32, 315

market for, 52, 128–29, 242–48, 261–62, 269–70, 273–79, 292, 300, 302–4, 318

McCormick as advocate of, 90, 94–95, 98, 100–101, 140–45, 155, 156, 179–82, 199–200, 229, 235, 236, 258, 260, 280, 293, 304–5, 308, 309, 321–22

menstruation and, 113, 117, 118, 119–20, 130, 132–33, 139, 179, 192, 232, 233, 234, 238, 242

morality and, 5, 14, 45, 60–61, 107–10

movement for, 3, 20, 24–25, 34–35, 41–60, 62, 98, 99, 100–101, 109–10, 140–52, 155, 179–82, 186, 187, 203–4, 208–9, 212–14, 220, 222, 223–24, 229, 235–36, 266–68, 276, 277, 291, 304–5, 306, 308, 309, 317–19, 321–22

non-toxic, 128

nursing staff for, 157, 172, 192, 193, 202

oral methods of, 10, 98–99, 100, 132–34, 144, 155, 175, 177–78, 181, 198–99, 201, 206, 213, 236, 249, 275

ovulation and, 8, 10, 21–23, 72–73, 74, 80, 99–100, 128–29, 132–34, 154, 159, 172–73, 179, 182, 189, 190–91, 205, 218, 225, 226, 233

patents on, 128–29

pill for,
see
pill, birth control

Pincus as advocate of, 1–11, 23, 99–103, 118–20, 123, 128–32, 139, 154–55, 157, 162–63, 171, 181–82, 189, 190–95, 199–200, 201, 213–18, 219, 237–38, 249, 255–62, 294, 299–301, 307–8, 309, 311–15, 321–23

police raids and, 54–55

political impact of, 56, 124–25, 220, 269, 285, 293, 295–96, 305

population control as result of, 20, 24–25, 42–43, 58–61, 100, 123–25, 150–51, 160, 163–64, 167, 168, 193–97, 200, 223–24, 248, 285, 288, 304–6

pregnancy controlled by, 1, 6, 10, 19–20, 29–30, 33, 34–39, 49–50, 55–56, 58, 73–75, 77, 105, 108–9, 115–17, 118, 126, 147–48, 165–66, 172–73, 177–78, 183–84, 205, 225–26, 240–41, 269–71, 278, 319–20

prescription of, 49, 50–51

profits from, 128–29, 216, 256, 300–301

promiscuity as concern for, 14, 54–55

psychological impact of, 177–78, 187, 237–38, 249–50, 270, 280–81

race and, 53, 71, 158–59

religious opposition to, 6, 14, 20, 42, 45, 50, 54–55, 107–11, 119–20, 146, 160, 161;
see also specific religions

research on, 1–11, 6, 20, 38–39, 56, 60–61

reversible, 128

Rock as advocate of, 104, 109–13, 144, 181–89, 204, 227–28, 232–34, 242–43, 249, 259, 277–79, 287–90, 299, 306–7, 308, 309, 321–22

safety of, 160–61

Sanger as advocate of, 3–4, 20, 24–25, 30, 34–35, 41–60, 62, 98, 99, 100–101, 109–10, 140–52, 155, 179–82, 186, 187, 203–4, 208–9, 212–14, 220, 222, 223–24, 229, 235–36, 266–68, 276, 277, 291, 304–9, 317–22

scientific approach to, 1, 6, 20, 56

search and seizure of, 43–44

sexual desire and, 4, 5–6, 25, 32, 34, 39, 51, 52–54, 109–10, 172, 179–80, 184–85, 215, 223–24, 296, 317–18

sexual liberation and, 4, 16, 20, 265, 306

side effects of, 117, 128, 129, 134, 157, 167, 171–72

social change as result of, 24–25, 47–48, 55–56, 114, 124–25, 150–52, 165–68, 186–89, 195–97, 206, 222–23, 245

terminology of, 46, 278

types of, 3, 24, 37–38, 52, 60, 112, 140, 167, 212, 225, 269–71, 275, 277–78, 291;
see also specific types

as “unnatural,” 119–20, 269–71

women’s support for, 9, 19–20, 29–30, 37–38, 49–50, 164–71, 192, 197–98, 201–2, 220–22, 229–32, 236, 237–38, 247, 291

Birth Control Clinical Research Bureau, 59

Birth Control Federation of America, 59, 236

Birth Control League, 54

Birth Control Review,
94–95, 149

birth rates, 24, 37, 48, 54, 109, 164–65, 167, 195, 226

Black Mischief
(Waugh), 24

Blake, Peggy, 237

blood clots, 288, 320

Boccaccio, Giovanni, 188–89

body temperature, 78, 130

Bonaparte, Joseph, 91

bone marrow cancer, 312

Boston, 171–72, 190–91, 199–200, 206, 217, 232

Brave New World
(Huxley), 71, 73, 74

breakthrough bleeding, 251, 252, 292

breast cancer, 321

breast growth, 312

breast pain, 242, 252

breasts, 116, 117, 171–72, 242, 252, 312, 321

Breuer, Josef, 15

Brinkley, John R., 122

Brown-Séquard, Charles-Édouard, 121–22

Brownsville neighborhood, 46–47

Brunner, Emil, 297

Brush, Dorothy Hamilton, 146

Buddhism, 212

bull urine, 137

Bureau of Internal Revenue, U.S., 97

Bush, Prescott S., 59

business schools, 320

Bussard, Paul, 226

Bussey Institution of Applied Biology, 69

cabeza de negro,
135–36, 138

Call,
36

Callaway, Enoch, 177, 178–79

Calvinism, 297

Cambridge University, 71, 77

cancer, 167, 231, 252, 282, 287, 288, 289, 291, 302, 312, 321

Cancer League, 231

Candide,
314

capitalism, 42, 210

carbon atoms, 137, 138–39

Carnegie, Mrs. Dale, 186

Carney, Francis W., 111

Carpenter, Edward, 33