The Boleyns (31 page)

29. Doran,
Monarchy and Matrimony
, p. 21.

30. Conyers Read,
Lord Burghley and Queen Elizabeth
(1965), pp. 256-277.

31
. Cal. Span. 1580–86
, p. 226.

32. All the negotiations suggest that Elizabeth’s requirements would have reduced the Crown Matrimonial to a mere cipher, because in addition to the limitations imposed upon Philip in 1554, there was a need for outward conformity to her Church settlement.

33. Conyers Read, ‘Queen Elizabeth’s seizure of Alba’s pay ships’.

34. Hughes and Larkin,
Tudor Royal Proclamations
, II, pp. 357-8. Geoffrey Parker,
The Dutch Revolt
(1977).

35. L. O. Boynton,
The Elizabethan Militia
(1967).

36. D. Loades,
The Fighting Tudors
(2009), pp. 196-204.

37.
Elizabeth I: Collected Works
, pp. 269-74. Queen Elizabeth to Sir Thomas Heneage, her emissary to the Earl of Leicester, 10 February 1586, enclosing her letter to Dudley, bearing the same date.

38. Loades,
Elizabeth I
, p. 177. At his trial in 1572 the Duke of Norfolk tried to impugn the witnesses against him on the grounds that they were men of no substance – by which he meant lineage.

39. Wilson,
Sweet Robin
, pp. 278-9.

40. Simon Adams,
Leicester and the Court
(2002), pp. 138-41, 143-4, 146-9.

41. G. E. Cockayne,
Complete Peerage
.

42.
ODNB.

43. L. B. Smith,
Treason in Tudor England
;
Politics and Paranoia
(1986), p. 200.

44. W. Camden,
The History of the Most Renowned Princess Elizabeth, Late Queen of England
, (1688), pp. 623-4.

45. W. B. Devereux,
Lives and Letters of the Devereux Earls of Essex, 1540–1646
(1853), I, p. 185.

46. Philippa Berry,
Of Chastity and Power
:
Elizabethan Literature and the Unmarried Queen
(1989), pp. 61-83.

47. Conyers Read,
Lord Burghley and Queen Elizabeth
, pp. 464- 86.

48. Devereux,
Earls of Essex
, I, p. 184.

49. R. B. Wernham,
The Expedition of Sir John Norris and Sir Francis Drake to Spain and Portugal, 1589
(1988), p. 133.

50. Ibid, p. 134.

51. W. MacCaffrey,
War and Politics
,
1588–1603
(1992), pp. 161- 2.

52. Ibid, p. 472.

53. S. and E. Usherwood,
The Counter Armada
,
1596
:
The Journal of the Mary Rose
(1983), pp. 118-9.

54. L. B. Smith,
Treason in Tudor England
, pp. 226-7. MacCaffrey,
War and Politics
, p. 522.

55. Smith,
Treason in Tudor England
, pp. 232-3.

56. Ibid, pp. 255-6.

57. Camden,
Elizabeth
, pp. 602-3.

58. Loades,
The Cecils
, pp. 217-8.

Conclusion: A Political Family?

1. For a discussion of the origins of this game, see A. Kelly, ‘Eleanor of Aquitaine and her courts of love’,
Speculum
, 12, 1937.

2. G. R. Elton,
The Tudor Revolution in Government
(1953), p. 84.

3. These negotiations failed because the King was unwilling to subscribe to the Confession of Augsburg. One of the consequences of that failure was the Cleves marriage. Loades,
Henry VIII
, (2011) p. 285.

4. The form of acting in the King’s name was strictly observed, but Edward was a child and had no control over their actions. M. L. Bush,
The Government Policy of Protector Somerset
(1975).

5. He received a few modest grants, such as that of Jane Rochford’s ‘stuff’ at Blickling in September 1542, but there is no indication of significant patronage.
L & P
, XVII, no. 119.

6.
Cal. Span
., XI, p. 393.

7. Statute 1 Mary, sess.3, cap.3. Jennifer Loach,
Parliament and the Crown in the reign of Mary Tudor
(1986), pp. 96-7.

8. David Starkey, ‘Intimacy and Innovation; the rise of the Privy Chamber, 1485–1547’ and Pam Wright, ‘A Change of Direction; the ramifications of a female household, 1558–1603’ in D. Starkey, ed.,
The English Court from the Wars of the Roses to the Civil War(
1987).

9. Loades,
Elizabeth I
, p. 142.

10. G. E. Cockayne,
The Complete Peerage
.

PICTURE SECTION

1. Blickling Hall,Norfolk. A seventeenth centuryrebuilding of the ‘fair brick house’constructed by Sir GeoffreyBoleyn.

2. Blickling church containsmany Boleyn memorials, startingwith Sir Geoffrey in a stained glasswindow.

3. The tomb of Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, Anne Boleyn’s uncle. Hewas originally interred at Thetford Abbey, then moved to Framlingham, where thismemorial was erected.

4. Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, who took part along withhis father, the 3rd Duke of Norfolk, in the trials of Anne and George Boleyn. He wasexecuted for treason in January 1547.

5. Thomas Boleyn, Earlof Wiltshire, who died at HeverCastle in Kent in 1539. From amonumental brass in St Peter’schurch at Hever.

6. Isabella Boleyn, SirGeoffrey’s daughter, and Anne’sgreat aunt. She married Sir JohnCheyney, and her memorial brassremains in Blickling church.

7. Lady Anne Shelton,daughter of Sir William Boleyn ofBlickling, and sister to Sir Thomas.She died in December 1555, and wasburied at Shelton, ten miles south ofNorwich..

9. The ‘Henry VIII bedroom’ at Hever Castle.

10. The gardens at Hever.

11. A portrait of Anne Boleyn at Ripon Cathedral, artistunknown; probably a seventeenth century copy.

12. A lady, thought to be Mary Boleyn. Artist unknown. AtHever Castle.