The Conquering Tide (100 page)

43.
 Herbert D. Riley account in Wooldridge, ed.,
Carrier Warfare in the Pacific
, p. 103.

44.
 Hynes,
Flights of Passage
, pp. 142–43.

45.
 Buell,
Dauntless Helldivers
, p. 215.

46.
 Herbert D. Riley account in Wooldridge, ed.,
Carrier Warfare in the Pacific
, p. 102.

47.
 War Production Board, “Official Munitions Report of the U.S.,” No. 21, December 1, 1943, “Airplanes by Plants,” p. 28, Harry L. Hopkins Papers.

48.
 “Extract of Notes by Fleet Admiral Ernest J. King for the J.C.S. Historical Section,” p. 2, Ernest J. King Papers.

49.
 U.S. Department of State,
Foreign Relations of the United States [FRUS]: The Conferences at Washington, 1941–1942, and Casablanca, 1943. III. The Casablanca Conference
, p. 549.

50.
 Ibid., p. 536.

51.
 Entry dated January 16, 1943, in Alanbrooke,
War Diaries
, p. 359.

52.
 Entry dated January 14, 1943, in ibid., p. 356.

53.
 Entry dated January 16, 1943, in ibid., p. 359.

54.
 Ibid., p. 360.

55.
 Excerpts to follow are drawn from Combined Chiefs of Staff minutes at Casablanca. U.S. Department of State,
FRUS: The Conferences at Washington, 1941–1942, and Casablanca, 1943. III. The Casablanca Conference
, pp. 560–775.

56.
 Entry dated May 4, 1943, in Alanbrooke,
War Diaries
, p. 398.

57.
 U.S. Department of State,
FRUS
,
1943, Conferences at Washington and Quebec, 1943
, Vol. 1, p. 93.

58.
 Ibid., p. 146.

59.
 Entry dated May 17, 1943, in Alanbrooke,
War Diaries
, p. 405.

60.
 U.S. Department of State,
FRUS
,
1943, Conferences at Washington and Quebec, 1943
, Vol. 1, p. 369.

61.
 “Memorandum for the Joint Chiefs of Staff,” June 10, 1943, in NARA, RG 38, “CNO Zero-Zero Files,” Box 38, in file “Memos to General Marshall, 1942–1944.”

62.
 “War Department 4952-15,” June 14, 1943, in CINCPAC War Diary, Book 3, p. 1604.

63.
 COMSOPAC to CINCPAC, June 25, 1943, in ibid., p. 1611.

64.
 Interview with Raymond A. Spruance by Philippe de Baussel for Paris
Match
, July 6, 1965, pp. 3–4, Raymond A. Spruance Papers, MS Collection 12, Box 1, Folder 1.

65.
 Charles Moore, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 655, Vol. 5, p. 803.

66.
 Spruance to RADM E. M. Eller, July 22, 1966, Raymond A. Spruance Papers, MS Collection 12, Box 2, Folder 7.

67.
 King and Whitehall,
Fleet Admiral King
, p. 491 (footnote).

68.
 Charles Moore, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 655, Vol. 5, p. 803.

69.
 Ibid., p. 805.

70.
 Interview with Raymond A. Spruance by Philippe de Baussel for Paris
Match
, July 6, 1965, p. 6, Raymond A. Spruance Papers, MS Collection 12, Box 1, Folder 1.

71.
 CINCPAC to COMSOPAC, June 26, 1943, William Frederick Halsey Papers, Box 15.

72.
 Interview with Raymond A. Spruance by Philippe de Baussel for Paris
Match
, July 6, 1965, pp. 6–7, Raymond A. Spruance Papers, MS Collection 12, Box 1, Folder 1.

73.
 Smith and Finch,
Coral and Brass
, p. 109.

74.
 Ibid., p. 110.

75.
 Charles Moore, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 655, Vol. 5, p. 827.

76.
 Ibid., pp. 825–26.

77.
 Dyer,
Amphibians Came to Conquer
, p. 618
.

78.
 Stevenson and Calder,
Island Landfalls
, p. 47.

79.
 Julian C. Smith, Lt. Gen., US Marine Corps, (ret.); Mr. Benis M. Frank, interviewer, Historical Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, Washington, DC, pp. 275–76.

80.
 “Report of Amphibious Operations for the Capture of the Gilbert Islands, from Cmdr. Fifth Amphibious Force to COMINCH,” December 4, 1943, Serial 00165, enclosure C, in USMC Archives, “WWII, Tarawa and Makin, 1943,” Box 6.

81.
 Ibid., p. 2.

82.
 Bryan,
Aircraft Carrier
, p. 109.

83.
 Hoyt,
How They Won the War in the Pacific
, p. 256.

84.
 Interview with Raymond A. Spruance by Philippe de Baussel for Paris
Match
, July 6, 1965, p. 5, Raymond A. Spruance Papers, MS Collection 12, Box 1, Folder 1.

85.
 Towers to Forrestal, August 18, 1943, Spruance Papers, quoted in Hoyt,
How They Won the War in the Pacific
, p. 255.

86.
 Spruance to Savvy Cooke, February 9, 1963, Raymond A. Spruance Papers, MS Collection 12, Box 2, Folder 6.

87.
 Hoyt,
How They Won the War in the Pacific
, p. 257.

88.
 Clark and Reynolds,
Carrier Admiral
, p. 90.

89.
 Reynolds,
On the Warpath in the Pacific
, p. 1.

90.
 Ibid., p. 163.

91.
 Chief Petty Officer C. S. King account in Wooldridge, ed.,
Carrier Warfare in the Pacific
, p. 279.

92.
 Reynolds,
On the Warpath in the Pacific
, p. 161.

93.
 Joseph J. Clark, CCOH Naval History Project, Part 2, Vol. 2.

94.
 Clark,
Carrier Admiral
, p. 108.

95.
 Donald Duncan, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 678, Vol. 7.

96.
 Fitzhugh Lee account in Wooldridge, ed.,
Carrier Warfare in the Pacific
, p. 107.

97.
 George W. Anderson Jr., USNI Oral History Program, 1983, pp. 112–13.

98.
 Ibid.

99.
 Reynolds,
On the Warpath in the Pacific
, p. 221.

100.
 Joseph J. Clark, CCOH Naval History Project, Part 2, Vol. 2, p. 417.

101.
 Ibid., pp. 412–13.

102.
 George W. Anderson Jr., USNI Oral History Program, 1983, p. 115.

103.
 Reynolds,
On the Warpath in the Pacific
, p. 223.

104.
 Harry W. Hill, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 685, Vol. 3, p. 290.

105.
 Ibid., p. 297.

106.
 “Report of Operations, Galvanic,” Commanding General, 2nd MarDiv, from CO, CT-6. Ref: (a) Ltr CG, 2ndMarDiv, RMC CT/541, serial 002ND2 (Secret), dated November 11, 1943, in USMC Archives: “WWII, Tarawa and Makin, 1943,” Box 6.

107.
 Julian C. Smith, Lt. Gen., US Marine Corps, (ret.), Mr. Benis M. Frank, interviewer,
Historical Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, Washington, DC, p. 286.

108.
 CINCPAC to COMINCH, June 20, 1943, in CINCPAC War Diary, Book 3, p. 1607.

109.
 Dyer,
Amphibians Came to Conquer
, p. 608
.

110.
 Smith and Finch,
Coral and Brass
, p. 120.

111.
 Julian C. Smith, Lt. Gen., US Marine Corps, (ret.), Mr. Benis M. Frank, interviewer, Historical Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, Washington, DC, p. 287.

112.
 “Corps Operation Plan Number 1–43,” Annex Baker, p. 14, Fifth Amphibious Corps files.

113.
 “Corps Operation Plan Number 1–43,” Annex Able, p. 4, Fifth Amphibious Corps files.

114.
 Charles Moore, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 655, Vol. 5, p. 830.

115.
 Ibid., p. 836.

116.
 Ibid., p. 834.

Chapter Eleven

1.
 Frank W. J. Plant, personal account, No. 1024, USMC Archives.

2.
 Ray Gard quoted in Reynolds,
On the Warpath in the Pacific
, p. 274.

3.
 Charles Moore, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 655, Vol. 5, p. 831.

4.
 Lucas,
Combat Correspondent
, p. 175.

5.
 Roger Bond account in Wooldridge, ed.,
Carrier Warfare in the Pacific
, p. 132.

6.
 Frank W. J. Plant, personal account, No. 1024, USMC Archives.

7.
 CINCPAC War Diary, November 15, 1943, Vol. 4, p. 1686.

8.
 Reynolds,
On the Warpath in the Pacific
, p. 274.

9.
 Joseph J. Clark, CCOH Naval History Project, Part 2, Vol. 2, p. 438.

10.
 For example, see Donald Duncan, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 678, Vol. 7, p. 426.

11.
 Truman J. Hedding account in Wooldridge, ed.,
Carrier Warfare in the Pacific
, pp. 117–18.

12.
 Spruance to Professor Potter, March 3, 1955, on Naval Task Force organization in World War II, Raymond A. Spruance Papers, MS Collection 12, Box 2, Folder 4.

13.
 Hoyt,
How They Won the War in the Pacific
, p. 280.

14.
 “Colonel Weller's Report of NGF at Tarawa,” (undated), Julian C. Smith Papers, COLL/202, Series 4, Tarawa.

15.
 Julian C. Smith, Lt. Gen., US Marine Corps, (ret.), Mr. Benis M. Frank, interviewer, Historical Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, Washington, DC, p. 281.

16.
 Sherrod,
Tarawa
, p. 61.

17.
 Rogal,
Guadalcanal, Tarawa and Beyond
, p. 122.

18.
 Sherrod,
Tarawa
, p. 62.

19.
 Charles Moore, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 655, Vol. 5, p. 855.

20.
 Manchester,
Goodbye, Darkness
, p. 223.

21.
 Frank W. J. Plant, personal account, No. 1024, p. 22, USMC Archives.

22.
 Rogal,
Guadalcanal, Tarawa and Beyond
, p. 124.

23.
 Lt. G. D. Lillibridge, 1967, PC No. 1342, USMC Archives.

24.
 Frank W. J. Plant, personal account, No. 1024, p. 23, USMC Archives.

25.
 Sherrod,
Tarawa
, p. 68.

26.
 David M. Shoup, oral history, p. 2, Fifth Amphibious Corps files.

27.
 Frank W. J. Plant, personal account, No. 1024, USMC Archives.

28.
 CO, LT 1/6 to C.G., 2nd MarDiv, December, 6, 1943, “Report of Operations, GALVANIC,” USMC Archives.

29.
 Sherrod, “Marines' Show.”

30.
 Lt. G. D. Lillibridge, 1967, PC No. 1342, USMC Archives.

31.
 Julian C. Smith, oral history, p. 293, Historical Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, Washington, DC.

32.
 Smith and Finch,
Coral and Brass
, p. 122.

33.
 Rogal,
Guadalcanal, Tarawa and Beyond
, p. 127.

34.
 Frank W. J. Plant, personal account, No. 1024, USMC Archives.

35.
 Sherrod, “Marines' Show.”

36.
 Marshall Ralph Doak,
My Years in the Navy
, online at http://www.historycentral.com/Navy/Doak (accessed November 10, 2014).

37.
 Rogal,
Guadalcanal, Tarawa and Beyond
, p. 128.

38.
 Ibid., pp. 128–29.

39.
 Sherrod, “Marines' Show.”

40.
 Vern Garrett, oral history, in Smith and Meehl, eds.,
Pacific War Stories
, p. 159.

41.
 Sherrod,
Tarawa
, p. 96.

42.
 Wukovits,
One Square Mile of Hell
, p. 165.

43.
 Frank W. J. Plant, personal account, No. 1024, USMC Archives.

44.
 Robert B. Sheeks, oral history, in Smith and Meehl, eds.,
Pacific War Stories
, p. 188.

45.
 Sherrod,
Tarawa
, p. 97.

46.
 Ibid., p. 93.

47.
 Frank W. J. Plant, personal account, No. 1024, USMC Archives.

48.
 Alex Vraciu quoted in Astor,
Wings of Gold
, p. 209.

49.
 Jim Pearce quoted in ibid.

50.
 Frank W. J. Plant, personal account, No. 1024, USMC Archives.

51.
 Wukovits,
One Square Mile of Hell
, p. 183.

52.
 Sherrod,
Tarawa
, p. 101.

53.
 Lt. Melvin A. Traylor Jr. quoted in Wukovits,
One Square Mile of Hell
, p. 187.

54.
 Sherrod,
Tarawa
, p. 95.

55.
 Ibid., p. 77.

56.
 Ibid., p. 96.

57.
 Sherrod, “Marines' Show.”

58.
 Smith and Finch,
Coral and Brass
, p. 125.

59.
 Lucas,
Combat Correspondent
, p. 200.

60.
 Cooper,
Navy Nurse
, p. 87.

61.
 R. K. Turner to Spruance, November 30, 1943, Raymond A. Spruance Papers, MS Collection 12, Series I, correspondence.

62.
 “Commander of Central Pacific Force, War Diary,” November 23, 1943, entry, p. 20, FDR Map Room Papers, Box 182.

63.
 Smith and Finch,
Coral and Brass
, p. 129.

64.
 H. W. Hill to Spruance, November 25, 1943, p. 2, Raymond A. Spruance Papers, MS Collection 12, Series I, correspondence.

65.
 Arthur Lamar, “Recollections of Fleet Admiral Nimitz,” USNI Oral History Program, 1970, p. 40.

66.
 Vandegrift and Asprey,
Once a Marine
, p. 236.

67.
 Smith and Finch,
Coral and Brass
, p. 132.

68.
 Memorandum, King to Nimitz regarding the loss of U.S.S.
Liscome Bay
(CVE-56), December 30, 1943, Serial 002903, in NARA, RG 38, Records of the Office of the CNO, Box 36.

69.
 Michael Bak Jr., USNI Oral History Program, 1988.