The History of White People (61 page)

21
Ibid., 13, 16, 18–19, 27–29.

22
Ibid., 39.

23
Franz Boas, “Inventing a Great Race,”
New Republic
, 13 Jan. 1917, pp. 305–7.

24
Spiro, “Patrician Racist,” 355, 358, 363.

25
Grant,
Passing of the Great Race
(1921), 215, 229–30.

26
Ibid., 217–19.

27
“An Appeal for Coöperation toward Lasting Peace” (1916), in David Starr Jordan,
The Days of a Man: Being Memories of a Naturalist, Teacher and Minor Prophet of Democracy
, vol. 2,
1900–1921
(Yonkers-on-Hudson, N.Y.: World Book, 1922), 688.

CHAPTER 23: ANTHROPOSOCIOLOGY: THE SCIENCE OF ALIEN RACES

1
F. Scott Fitzgerald,
The Great Gatsby
, Ruth Prigozy, ed. (New York, Oxford University Press: 1998), 14.

2
Benoit Massin, “L’Anthropologie raciale comme fondement de la science politique: Vacher de Lapouge et l’échec de l’ “anthroposociologie” en France (1886–1936),” in
Les Politiques de l’anthropologie: Discours et pratiques en France (1860–1940)
, ed. Claude Blanckaert (Paris: L’Harmattan, 2001), 296. See also George Mosse,
Toward the Final Solution: A History of European Racism
(New York: H. Fertig, 1978).

3
However, Jacques Barzun says Gobineau’s
Essai
was immediately read “by at least a score of notables”: Renan, Taine, Nietzsche, Wagner, Quatrefages, Schopenhauer, and others, all of whom already embraced racial determinism. Barzun misses the Nott translation. See Barzun,
Race: A Study in Superstition
, rev. ed. (New York: Harper & Row, 1965), (originally published in 1937 as
Race: A Study in Modern Superstition
), x, 61, 200–218.

4
Georges Vacher de Lapouge, “L’Anthropologie et la science politique,”
Revue d’Anthropologie
(1887): 150–51, in Jonathan Peter Spiro, “Patrician Racist: The Evolution of Madison Grant” (Ph.D. diss., University of California at Berkeley, 2000), 290.

5
For a history of such notions, see Jacques Barzun,
The French Race: Theories of Its Origin and Their Social and Political Implications prior to the Revolution
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1932). See also Anthony M. Ludovici, “Dr. Oscar Levy,”
New English Weekly
30 (1946–47): 49–50, and “A Book to Stir Up Prejudice,”
New York Times Review of Books
, 28 July 1906, BR 472.

6
Spiro, “Patrician Racist,” 287.

7
Ibid., 493.

8
Pierre-André Taguieff,
La Couleur et le sang: Doctrines racistes à la française
, new ed. (Paris: Mille et une Nuits, 2002), 239, 272. Lapouge’s books were
Les Sélections sociales
(1896),
L’Aryen: Son rôle social
(1899), and
Race et milieu social: Essais d’anthroposociologie
(1909).

9
Mike Hawkins,
Social Darwinism in European and American Thought, 1860–1945
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 117.

10
Massin, “L’Anthropologie raciale,” 302; Jennifer Michael Hecht,
The End of the Soul: Scientific Modernity, Atheism, and Anthropology in France
(New York: Columbia University Press, 2003), 168, 172, 193. See also Hecht, “Vacher de Lapouge and the Rise of Nazi Science,”
Journal of the History of Ideas
61, no. 2 (April 2000): 285–304.

11
Taguieff,
La Couleur et le sang
, 270–71; Massin, “L’Anthropologie raciale,” 283, 305, 290.

12
Taguieff,
La Couleur et le sang
, 288–93; Massin, “L’Anthropologie raciale,” 274.

13
Georges Vacher de Lapouge,
L’Aryen: Son rôle social
(Paris: A. Fontemoing, 1899), 483.

14
Ibid., 464–83.

15
Spiro, “Patrician Racist,” 283–84, 365–66.

16
Lapouge,
L’Aryen
, 345.

17
Madison Grant,
Passing of the Great Race, or The Racial Basis of European History
, 4th ed. (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1921), 231–32.

18
Ibid., 184–85.

19
Russell A. Kazal,
Becoming Old Stock: The Paradox of German-American Identity
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004), 4–6, 151–92.

20
Kathleen Neils Conzen, “Germans,” in
Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups
, ed. Stephan Thernstrom (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1980), 410, 422–23.

21
J. B. Moore, review of
The French Revolution in San Domingo
, by T. Lothrop Stoddard, in
Political Science Quarterly
31, no. 1 (March 1916): 179–80.

22
Matthew Pratt Guterl,
The Color of Race in America, 1900–1940
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001), 51–52; Spiro, “Patrician Racist,” 439–42.

23
Lothrop Stoddard,
The Revolt against Civilization: The Menace of the Under Man
(New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1922), 56, 63.

24
Ibid., 10 (emphasis in original).

25
Ibid., 245, 248, 252, 254, 262–63.

26
Ibid., 23–25, 63–64, 69, 71–72, 94–96, 113, 151–52, 163, 210 (emphasis in original).

27
Ibid., 63, 71, 72.

28
The
Post
editorials appeared in April and May 1921. See Jan Cohn,
Creating America: George Horace Lorimer and the
Saturday Evening Post (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1989), 135–36, 155.

29
William McDougall,
Is America Safe for Democracy?
(New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1921), appendix V, 209.

30
Elazar Barkan,
The Retreat of Scientific Racism: Changing Concepts of Race in Britain and the United States between the World Wars
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 190–203.

31
Jack Bales,
Kenneth Roberts: The Man and His Works
(Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1989), 19.

32
Spiro, “Patrician Racist,” 448.

33
Cohn,
Creating America
, 195–96.

34
Richard Slotkin,
Lost Battalions: The Great War and the Crisis of American Nationality
(New York: Henry Holt, 2005), 459.

35
Richard V. Oulahan, “Tense Feeling on Ku Klux,”
New York Times
, 29 June 1924, pp. 1, 7. See also
New York Times
, 23 June 1924, p. 1.

36
“Deeper Causes,” editorial,
New York Times
, 5 July 1924, p. 12.

37
Calvin Coolidge, “Whose Country Is This?”
Good Housekeeping
, Feb. 1921, pp. 13, 14, 109.

38
Neil Baldwin,
Henry Ford and the Jews: The Mass Production of Hate
(New York: Public Affairs, 2001), 45–47.

39
Ibid., 25.

40
On the peace ship, see Nell Irvin Painter,
Standing at Armageddon: The United States, 1877–1919
, rev. ed. (New York: W. W. Norton, 2008), 308–9.

41
Baldwin,
Henry Ford and the Jews
, 98, 263–65, 306. W. J. Cameron went on to publish his own Anglo-Israelite paper after the closing of the
Dearborn Independent
.

42
Baldwin,
Henry Ford and the Jews
, 309.

43
Ibid., 82–83, 97, 144, 201.

CHAPTER 24: REFUTING RACIAL SCIENCE

1
Walter Lippmann, “A Future for the Tests”
New Republic
33 (29 Nov. 1922): 10.

2
Franz Samelson, “From ‘Race Psychology’ to ‘Studies in Prejudice’: Some Observations on the Thematic Reversal in Social Psychology,”
Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences
14 (1978): 273.

3
Daniel J. Kevles, “Annals of Eugenics: A Secular Faith—III,”
New Yorker
, 22 Oct. 1984, pp. 100–101, 107–8; Elazar Barkan,
The Retreat of Scientific Racism: Changing Concepts of Race in Britain and the United States between the World Wars
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 209.

4
Vincent P. Franklin, “Black Social Scientists and the Mental Testing Movement, 1920–1940,” in
Black Psychology
, ed. Reginald L. Jones, 3rd ed. (Berkeley, Calif.: Cobb & Henry, 1991), 207.

5
Bond in the
Crisis
28 (1924), quoted in John P. Jackson Jr., “‘Racially Stuffed Shirts and Other Enemies of Mankind’: Horace Mann Bond’s Parody of Segregationist Psychology in the 1950s,” in
Defining Difference: Race and Racism in the History of Psychology
, ed. Andres S. Winston (Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, 2004), 264–65. See also Franklin, “Black Social Scientists,” 205–7. Franklin also discusses the theory that black intelligence is related to the amount of “white blood” in the black individual. Supposedly the whiter the Negro, the smarter. Otto Klineberg disproved this assertion in his 1935
Negro Intelligence and Selective Migration.

6
Kevles, “Annals of Eugenics,” 107.

7
Samelson, “From ‘Race Psychology’ to ‘Studies in Prejudice,’” 268–71.

8
Robert E. Park, “Human Migration and the Marginal Man,”
American Journal of Sociology
33, no. 6 (May 1928): 887–90, 892–93.

9
Edward Alsworth Ross,
Seventy Years of It: An Autobiography
(New York: D. Appleton-Century, 1936), 276. Emphasis in original.