The History of White People (62 page)

10
Lelia Zenderland,
Measuring Minds: Henry Herbert Goddard and the Origins of American Intelligence Testing
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998, 2001), 324–26;
Human Intelligence: Historical Influences, Current Controversies, Teaching Resources
, Indiana University, http://www.indiana.edu/%7Eintell/kallikak.shtml

11
Franz Boas,
Anthropology and Modern Life
(originally published 1932), with a new introduction and afterword by Herbert S. Lewis (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 2004), 273, 282–83.

12
Barkan,
Retreat of Scientific Racism
, 94.

13
Otto Klineberg, “Reflections of an International Psychologist of Canadian Origin,”
International Social Science Journal
25, nos. 1–2 (1973): 40–41. See also Wayne H. Holtzman and Roger W. Russell, “Otto Klineberg: A Pioneering International Psychologist,”
International Journal of Psychology
27, no. 5 (Oct. 1992): 346–65.

14
See Otto Klineberg,
A Study of Psychological Differences between ‘Racial’ and National Groups in Europe
, Archives of Psychology, no. 132 (New York, 1931).

15
Klineberg, “Reflections,” 41–42.

16
Carl C. Brigham, “Intelligence Tests of Immigrant Groups,”
Psychological Review
37, no. 2 (March 1930): 164, 165.

17
Judith Schachter Modell,
Ruth Benedict: Patterns of a Life
(Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1983), 23–26, 56; Margaret M. Caffrey,
Ruth Benedict: Stranger in This Land
(Austin: University of Texas Press, 1989), 17, 21–22, 40–41.

18
Caffrey,
Ruth Benedict
, 64.

19
Modell,
Ruth Benedict
, 64–67.

20
Ibid., 84; Caffrey,
Ruth Benedict
, 75–81; Margaret Mead,
Ruth Benedict
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1974), 8. Mead’s book includes photographs and excerpts from Benedict’s journals and letters.

21
Caffrey,
Ruth Benedict
, 93–98; Virginia Heyer Young,
Ruth Benedict: Beyond Relativity, Beyond Pattern
(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2005), 7–8.

22
Lois W. Banner,
Intertwined Lives: Margaret Mead, Ruth Benedict, and Their Circle
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2003), 411.

23
This is the subject of Banner,
Intertwined Lives
.

24
Margaret Mead,
An Anthropologist at Work: Writings of Ruth Benedict
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1959), and
Ruth Benedict
.

25
Mead,
Ruth Benedict
, 2.

26
Mary Catherine Bateson, “Foreword,” in Ruth Benedict,
Patterns of Culture
(originally published 1934) (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1989), ix.

27
Margaret Mead,
Blackberry Winter: My Earlier Years
(originally published 1972) (New York: Kodansha International, 1995), 130–31.

28
Louise Lamphere, “Unofficial Histories: A Vision of Anthropology from the Margins,”
American Anthropologist
106, no. 1 (March 2004): 134.

29
Caffrey,
Ruth Benedict
, 122, 160–61, 187. See also Banner,
Intertwined Lives
, 202.

30
Benedict,
Patterns of Culture
, 11, 15, 78–79, 233–37.

31
Caffrey,
Ruth Benedict
, 278, 284–85.

32
Ruth Benedict,
Race: Science and Politics
(New York: Modern Age Books, 1940), v–vi.

33
Benedict,
Race
(1940), 9, 12–17.

34
Ibid., 3, 119–27.

35
Ibid., 6, 30–31, 37.

36
Ruth Benedict,
Race: Science and Politics
, rev. ed. (New York: Viking Press, 1943), v.

37
Benedict,
Race
(1940), vii; (1943), xi–xii; (1945), xi.

38
Jacques Barzun,
Race: A Study in Superstition
, rev. ed. (New York: Harper & Row, 1965); M. F. Ashley Montague,
Man’s Most Dangerous Myth: The Fallacy of Race
, 3rd ed. (New York, Harper & Brothers, 1952), 1. See also Karen E. Fields, “Witchcraft and Racecraft: Invisible Ontology in Its Sensible Manifestations,” in
Witchcraft Dialogues: Anthropological and Philosophical Exchanges
, ed. George Clement Bond and Diane M. Ciekawy (Athens: Ohio University Center for International Studies, 2001), 283–315.

39
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization,
The Race Concept: Results of an Inquiry
(Paris: United Nations, 1952), 7–8.

40
Ruth Benedict and Gene Weltfish,
Races of Mankind
(1943), in
Race: Science and Politics
, rev. ed. (1943), 176.

41
Ibid., 176–77.

42
Ibid., 182–83.

43
Carleton S. Coon,
Adventures and Discoveries: The Autobiography of Carleton S. Coon
(Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1981), 129.

44
Ibid., 131, 137–38.

45
Samelson, “From ‘Race Psychology’ to ‘Studies in Prejudice,’” 268, 272–73.

46
Mead,
Ruth Benedict
, 53.

CHAPTER 25: A NEW WHITE RACE POLITICS

1
Neil Baldwin,
Henry Ford and the Jews: The Mass Production of Hate
(New York: Public Affairs, 2001), 108–20.

2
Ibid., 148–51.

3
In
Anthology of American Literature,
4th ed., vol. 2, ed. George McMichael, Frederick Crews, J. C. Levenson, Leo Marx, and David E. Smith (New York: Macmillan, 1989), 1351–52.

4
Donald W. Rogers, “Introduction—The Right to Vote in American History,” in
Voting and the Spirit of American Democracy: Essays on the History of Voting Rights in America
, ed. Donald W. Rogers (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990), 11–12; Paul Kleppner,
Who Voted?: The Dynamics of Electoral Turnout, 1870–1980
(New York: Praeger, 1982), 20–62.

5
Kristi Andersen,
The Creation of a Democratic Majority, 1928–1936
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979), 38–40, 42, 51, 87–88, 90; Kleppner,
Who Voted?
, 68–70.

6
Louis Adamic,
Laughing in the Jungle: The Autobiography of an Immigrant in America
(New York: Harper & Brothers, 1932), 105.

7
Allan J. Lichtman,
Prejudice and the Old Politics: The Presidential Election of 1928
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1979), 5–6, 200–201, 231, 233. Lichtman takes issue with Samuel Lubell’s designation of 1928 as a critical election. For Lichtman, Smith brought out urban voters, but the election did not signal a new era in U.S. politics (pp. 94–95, 122).

8
According to Michael Denning, Americans born between 1904 and 1923 constituted a huge working-class generation, “the most working-class cohort in American history,” with the highest number of people ever identifying themselves as workers. Denning,
The Cultural Front: The Laboring of American Culture in the Twentieth Century
(London: Verso, 1997), 8–9.

9
Andersen,
Creation of a Democratic Majority
, 112–13, 93.

10
See Nancy Weiss,
Farewell to the Party of Lincoln: Black Politics in the Age of FDR
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983), 209–39.

11
Baldwin,
Henry Ford and the Jews
, 294, 297.

12
David M. Kennedy,
Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1999) 216, 230–31.

13
Alan Brinkley,
Voices of Protest: Huey Long, Father Coughlin, and the Great Depression
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1982), 82–121. Coughlin was especially influential in 1934–35.

14
David Nasaw,
The Chief: The Life and Work of William Randolph Hearst
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2000), 488–90, 494–98.

15
Reader’s Digest
, Nov. 1939, pp. 62–67.

16
Baldwin,
Henry Ford and the Jews
, 281–88.

17
Horace M. Kallen, “Democracy versus the Melting-Pot,”
Nation
, 18 Feb. 1915, pp. 190–94, and 25 Feb. 1915, pp. 217–20, and
Culture and Democracy in the United States: Studies in the Group Psychology of the American Peoples
(New York: Boni and Liveright, 1924). See also Sidney Ratner, “Horace M. Kallen and Cultural Pluralism,”
Modern Judaism
4, no. 2 (May 1984), 185.

18
Kallen, “Democracy versus the Melting-Pot,” 192.

19
Ibid., 194.

20
Ibid., 220. Werner Sollors summed up Kallen’s vision as “Once a trombone, always a trombone!” in
Beyond Ethnicity: Consent and Descent in American Culture
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), 185.

21
Randolph Bourne, “Trans-National America,”
Atlantic Monthly
118 (July 1916): 93; John Dewey, “The Principle of Nationality,”
Menorah Journal
3, no. 3 (Oct. 1917): 206, 208.

22
Adamic,
Laughing in the Jungle
, 67–70, 98, 101–2, 109.

23
Ibid., 262–65; Louis Adamic,
My America, 1928–1938
(New York: Harper & Brothers, 1938), 48; Dale E. Peterson, “The American Adamic: Immigrant Bard of Diversity,”
Massachusetts Review
44, nos. 1–2 (Spring–Summer 2003): 235.