The Indomitable Spirit of Edmonia Lewis (50 page)

Marble.
[845]

Watercolor on paper, 27 x 31.5 cm.

Bronze.

Marble.

(attributed) Marble, 29.5 in. High Museum of Art, Atlanta, Ga., gift of West Foundation, Atlanta, GA. (Figure 53)

Marble.

Figure 53.
Landing of Columbus

The pose echoes
Forever Free
but contrasts its racial implications and emotional clarity. Photo courtesy: High Museum of Art, Atlanta GA.

Figure 54.
Ralph Waldo Emerson,
ca. 1873

Attributed to Edmonia, this marble image of the passionate abolitionist – dressed in modern business attire – closely resembles the bust by Daniel Chester French (modeled 1879). In the latter, the subject appears neoclassically nude and older in age. Because this portrait is not mentioned in Emerson letters, we suggest Edmonia could have created the portrait as she did Longfellow’s, through covert observation while Emerson passed her on the streets of Rome. Private Collection. Photo: Frank Stewart.

AME - African Methodist Episcopal

AtlC - Atlanta Constitution

AtM - Atlantic Monthly (Boston, MA)

A-J - Art-Journal (London, Engl.)

BDET - Boston (MA) Daily Evening Transcript

BL - Boston (MA) Liberator

BrDE - Brooklyn (NY) Daily Eagle

BosD - Boston (MA) Directory. Various editions. Tufts Univ. Boston Streets Mapping Service. http://bcd.lib.tufts.edu/ (Accessed Aug. 1, 2010)

Child MSS - Lydia Maria Child, Collected Correspondence, 1817-1880, ed. Patricia G. Holland and Milton Meltzer. Millwood, N.Y.: KTO Microform, 1979

ChRec – Philadelphia (PA) Christian Recorder

ChReg - Boston (MA) Christian Register

ChT - Chicago (IL) Tribune

DKJ - Augusta (ME) Daily Kennebec Journal

DSCUP - Dorsey Scrapbook. Cheney University of Pennsylvania

FDP - The Frederick Douglass Papers at the Library of Congress. Diary (Tour of Europe and Africa). accessed Mar. 16, 2011. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/doughtml/dougFolder1.html

HDH - Helena (MT) Daily Herald

HELBAA - How Edmonia Lewis Became an Artist. N.p., n.d. [1870?]. Harvard University; Updated version, Philadelphia: John Spence, Printer, 1876. Burton Historical Collection, Detroit Public Library.

LCN - Oberlin (OH) Lorain County News

LRAU - Ladies' Repository, A Universalist Monthly Magazine (Boston, MA)

LS - Locke Scrapbook. Alain LeRoy Locke Papers. Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University, Washington, D.C.

Murray's Handbook - Murray, John (Firm), Handbook of Rome and Its Environs. Various editions.

NASS - New York (NY) National Anti-Slavery Standard

NNEra - Washington (DC) New National Era and Citizen

NYDG - New York (NY) Daily Graphic

NYT - New York (NY) Times

NYCC - New York (NY) Central College

Payne MSS - Elizabeth Rogers Payne, “Anne Whitney: Nineteenth Century Sculptor and Liberal” Typescript, Wellesley College Archives.

SFC - San Francisco (CA) Chronicle

SFDEB - San Francisco (CA) Daily Evening Bulletin

SFDMC- San Francisco (CA) Daily Morning Call

SFEl - San Francisco (CA) Elevator

SFPaA - San Francisco (CA) Pacific Appeal

SIRIS - Smithsonian Institution Research Information System. http://siris-artinventories.si.edu

SJWM – San Jose (CA) Weekly Mercury

USCC - U. S. Centennial Commission. Official Catalogue. Rev. ed. 1876.

USNARA - United States. National Archives and Records Administration.

WoJ - Woman’s Journal (Boston, MA)

Whitney MSS - Whitney MSS. Wellesley College Archives.

Includes important works cited and other works used in preparation of this biography, excluding short news items, reprints, and excerpts noticed in text or notes.

A-J. Studios of Rome. Mar. 1870, 77-78.

Art Journal
(New York NY). Notes, from Rome. Apr. 1876, 127-128.

Ball, Thomas.
My Threescore Years and Ten.
Boston: Roberts Brothers, 1891.

BDET. “American Sculptors in Rome.” May 24, 1866.

------. Art and Artists. Nov. 15, 1881.

------. Art and Artists. Sept. 16, 1878.

------. “Bust of Col. Shaw.” Nov. 14, 1864.

------. “The Colored Sculptor.” Apr. 26, 1865.

------. “The Marble Group.” Oct. 18, 1869.

------. “The National Sailors’ Fair.” Nov. 11, 1864.

------. “Presentation to the Rev. L. A. Grimes.” Oct. 19, 1869.

Bearden, Romare, and Harry Henderson.
A History of African-American Artists from 1792 to the Present.
New York: Pantheon, 1993.

Blodgett, Geoffrey. “John Mercer Langston and the Case of Edmonia Lewis, Oberlin, 1862.”
Journal of Negro History
53 (1968): 201-218.

------. “Spiced Wine: An Oberlin Scandal of 1862.” In
Oberlin History. Essays and Impressions.
Kent, Ohio, Kent State University Press, 2006.

Boston (MA) Daily Traveller.
“An Unplaced Artist.” Nov. 17, 1880.

Boston (MA) Post
quoted in “American Artists in Rome.”
Philadelphia Daily Evening Bulletin.
Mar. 9, 1867.

Bozeman (MT) Courier.
“Biography of the Bozeman Barber.” Apr. 6, 1896.

Bozeman (MT) Daily Chronicle.
“The Passing of a Pioneer Woman.” Apr. 12, 1927.

BrDE. “An Art Treasure for Brooklyn.” Oct. 23, 1888.

------. “Rev. W.F. Johnson’s Testimonial.” June 25, 1886.

Brown, William Wells.
The Rising Son; Or, the Antecedents and Advancement of the Colored Race.
Boston: A. G. Brown, 1874.

Buick, Kirsten Pai.
Child of the Fire.
Durham NC: Duke University Press, 2010.

------. “The Ideal Works of Edmonia Lewis.”
American Art
9 (1995): 5-19.

------. “The Sentimental Education of Mary Edmonia Lewis: Identity, Culture, and Ideal Works.” PhD diss., University of Michigan, 1999. UMI Microform (9959711).

Bullard, Laura Curtis. “Edmonia Lewis.”
Revolution
(New York NY). Apr. 20, 1871.

Callahan, Allen Dwight. “‘Brother Saul:’ An Ambivalent Witness to Freedom.”
Semeia
83/84 (1998): 235-250.

Carleton [pseud., C. C. Coffin]. Literary and Artistic. LRAU. Feb. 1867, 155-157; Mar. 1867, 235-238.

Child, Lydia Maria. “A Chat with the Editor of the Standard.” NASS. Reprinted BL. Jan. 20, 1865.

------.
Collected Correspondence, 1817-1880,
ed. Patricia G. Holland and Milton Meltzer. Millwood NY: KTO Microform, 1979.

------. “Edmonia Lewis.”
Detroit Broken Fetter.
Mar. 3, 1865. Oberlin College archives.

------. “Harriet E. Hosmer, A Biographical Sketch.”
Ladies Repository
(Cincinnati OH). Jan. 1861, 1-7.

------. “Illustrations of Human Progress.”
New York (NY) Independent.
Jan. 31, 1867, reprinted as "Illustrations of Progress."
Prang’s Chromo, A Journal of Popular Art.
April 1868.

------.
Letters from New York.
Third ed. New York: C. S. Francis & Co., 1846.

------.
Letters.
Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1883.

------. “A Plea for the Indian.” NASS. Apr. 18, 1868. Child MSS 68/1825.

------.
Selected Letters, 1817-1880,
ed. by Milton Meltzer and Patricia G. Holland. Amherst MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 1982.

ChRec. “A Colored Genius at Rome.” Mar. 31, 1866.

------. “Miss Edmonia Lewis.” Oct. 26, 1867.

ChT. Art Matters. Aug. 23, 1870.

------. “Hagar.” Sept. 25, 1870.

Clark, H. Nichols B. A
Marble Quarry: The James H. Ricau Collection of Sculpture at the Chrysler Museum of Art.
New York: Hudson Hills Press, 1997.

Clark, William J., Jr.
Great American Sculptures.
Philadelphia: Gebbie and Barrie, 1878.

Cleveland, Cecilia.
The Story of a Summer, Or, Journal Leaves from Chappaqua.
New York: G. W. Carleton & Co., 1874.

Cooper, Edward S.
Vinnie Ream. An American Sculptor.
Chicago: Academy Press, 2004.

Cortazzo, Emma Cullum, and Katherine Renee Cortazzo.
Recollections of a Mother and Daughter.
n.p., [1945?].

Craven, Wayne.
Sculpture in America.
Newark, Del: University of Delaware Press, 1984.

Culkin, Kate.
Harriet Hosmer. A Cultural Biography.
Amherst MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 2010.

Cushman, Charlotte.
Her Letters and Memories of Her Life,
edited by Emma Stebbins. Boston: Houghton, Osgood, 1878.

Dabakis, Melissa. “‘Ain’t I a Woman?’ Anne Whitney, Edmonia Lewis, and the Iconography of Emancipation.” In
Seeing High & Low,
ed. Patricia Johnson, 84-102. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006.

------. “Sculpting Lincoln.”
American Art
22 (2008): 79-101.

NYDG. “The Miscegen Sculptor,” and Pictures of the Day. July 10, 1873.

Dale, John Thomas.
What Ben Beverly Saw at the Great Exposition.
Chicago: Centennial Publishing Co., 1876.

Devine, James Edward.
Historic Caughnawaga.
Montreal: Messenger Press, 1922.

Douglass, Frederick. Editorial, “Miss Edmonia Lewis.” NNEra. Sept. 25, 1873.

Emerson, Ellen Tucker.
Letters,
edited by E. E. W. Gregg. Kent OH: Kent State University Press, 1982.

Faithfull, Emily.
Three Visits to America.
New York: Fowler and Welles Co., 1884.

Fletcher, Robert S.
A History of Oberlin College From Its Foundation through the Civil War.
Oberlin OH: Oberlin College, 1943.

Flotte, Jack. “Edmonia Lewis and the Three Wise Men.”
ICA News
6 (Summer/Fall) 2004, item 4. Accessed Nov. 28, 2005. http://www.ica-artconservation.org/.

Forney, John W.
A Centennial Commissioner in Europe.
Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1876.

Gay, Lail. “Edmonia Lewis, the Colored Sculptress."
Philadelphia Sunday Mercury.
1876. LS.

Hanaford, Phebe Ann.
Women of the Century.
Boston: B. B. Russell, 1877.

Haverstock, Mary Sayre, et al.
Artists in Ohio, 1787-1900.
Kent OH: Kent State University Press, 2000.

Hawthorne, Julian.
Hawthorne and His Circle.
New York: Harper and Brothers, 1903.

------.
Nathaniel Hawthorne and His Wife: A Biography.
3rd ed. Boston, James R. Osgood and co., 1885.

Hawthorne, Nathaniel.
The Marble Faun.
Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1860.

------.
Passages from the French and Italian Notebooks.
Various editions.

Holland, Juanita Maria. "Mary Edmonia Lewis's Minnehaha: Gender, Race, and the Indian Maid."
Bulletin of the Detroit Institute of Arts
69, no. 1/2 (1995): 26-35.