The Internet Is Not the Answer (37 page)

11 Ellen Gamerman, “I Snap Therefore I Am,”
Wall Street Journal
, December 13, 2013.

12 Ibid.

13 John Naughton, “Could Kodak’s Demise Have Been Averted?,”
Guardian
, January 21, 2012.

14 Jason Farago, “Our Kodak Moments—and Creativity—Are Gone,”
Guardian
, August 23, 2013,
theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/aug/23/photography
-photography.

15 Nick Brown, “US Judge Approves Kodak Plan to Exit Bankruptcy,” Reuters, August 20, 2013,
reuters.com/article/2013/08/20/us
-kodak-idUSBRE97J0W820130820.

16 Julie Creswell, “Kodak’s Fuzzy Future,”
New York Times
, May 3, 2013,
dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/05/03/after
-bankruptcy-a-leaner-kodak-faces-an-uphill-battle.

17 Derek Thompson, “What Jobs Will the Robots Take?,”
Atlantic
, January 23, 2014.

18 Daniel Akst, “Automation Anxiety,”
Wilson Quarterly
, Summer 2013.

19 “Coming to an Office Near You . . .”
Economist
, January 18 , 2014.

20 Martin Wolf, “If Robots Divide Us, They Will Conquer,”
Financial Times
, February 4, 2014.

21 Tim Harford, “The Robots Are Coming and Will Terminate Your Jobs,”
Financial Times
, December 28–29, 2013.

22 Ibid.

23 Nicholas Carr,
The Big Switch: Rewiring the World, from Edison to Google
(New York: Norton, 2008), p. 113.

24 Nicholas Carr,
The Glass Cage: Automation and Us
(New York: Norton, 2014), p. 198.

25 Carole Cadwallader, “Are the Robots About to Rise? Google’s New Director of Engineering Thinks So . . .”
Guardian,
February 22, 2014.

26 Samuel Gibbs, “What Is Boston Dynamics and Why Does Google Want Robots?,”
Guardian
, December 17, 2013.

27 Lorraine Luk, “Foxconn Working with Google on Robotics,”
Wall Street Journal
, February 11, 2014.

28 Dan Rowinski, “Google’s Game of Moneyball in the Age of Artificial Intelligence,”
ReadWrite.com
, January 29, 2014.

29 Chunka Mui, “Google Car + Uber = Killer App,”
Forbes
, August 23, 2013.

30 395,000 at UPS (
pressroom.ups.com/Fact
+Sheets/UPS+Fact+Sheet) and 300,000 at FedEx (
about.van.fedex.com/company
-information).

31 Claire Cain Miller, “FedEx’s Price Rise Is a Blessing in Disguise for Amazon,”
New York Times
, May 9, 2014.

32 David Streitfeld, “Amazon Floats the Notion of Delivery Drones,”
New York Times
, December 1, 2013.

33 Charles Arthur, “Amazon Seeks US Permission to Test Prime Air Delivery Drones,”
Guardian
, July 11, 2014.

34 Katie Lobosco, “Army of Robots to Invade Amazon Warehouse,”
CNNMoney
, May 22, 2014.

35 George Packer, “Cheap Words,”
New Yorker,
February 17, 2014.

36 “John Naughton, Why Facebook and Google Are Buying into Drones,”
Observer
, April 19, 2014.

37 Reed Albergotti, “Zuckerberg, Musk Invest in Artificial-Intelligence Company,”
Wall Street Journal
, March 21, 2014.

38 Ibid.

39 Emily Young, “Davos 2014: Google’s Schmidt Warning on Jobs,” BBC, January 23, 2014.

40 Carl Benedikt Frey and Michael A. Osborne, “The Future of Employment: How Susceptible Are Jobs to Computerization?,” Oxford Martin Programme on the Impacts of Future Technology, September 17, 2013,
oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf
.

41 Derek Thompson, “What Jobs Will the Robots Take?,”
Atlantic
, January 23, 2014.

42 Ibid.

43 Erik Larson, “Kodak Reorganization Approval Affirms Move from Cameras,” Bloomberg, August 21, 2013,
bloomberg.com/news
/2013-08-20/kodak-bankruptcy-reorganization-plan-approved-by-new-york.html.

44 “Kodak, Smaller and Redirected, Leaves Bankruptcy,” Associated Press, September 3, 2013.

45 Julie Creswell, “Kodak’s Fuzzy Future,”
New York Times
, May 3, 2013,
dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/05/03/after
-bankruptcy-a-leaner-kodak-faces-an-uphill-battle.

46 For a helpful timeline of Kodak’s 2013 emergence from bankruptcy, see “Key Events in the History of Eastman Kodak Company,”
Wall Street Journal
, September 3, 2013,
nytimes.com/2013/09/04/business/kodak
-smaller-and-redirected-leaves-bankruptcy.html?ref= eastmankodakcompany&_r=0&pagewanted=print;
online.wsj.com/article/AP6b640447eb8a41418c01e4110720d4e4.html
.

47 Larson, “Kodak Reorganization Approval Affirms Move from Cameras.”

48 For an introduction to the Eastman House collection see
Photography from 1839 to Today: George Eastman House, Rochester, NY
(London: Taschen, 1999).

49 Greg Narain, “The New Kodak Moment: Why Storytelling Is Harder Than Ever,”
Briansolis.com
, November 21, 2013.

50 Andrew Keen,
The Cult of the Amateur: How Today’s Internet Is Killing Our Culture,
p. 115.

51 Ibid.

52 Neate, “Kodak Falls in the Creative Destruction of the Digital Age.”

53 Ibid. The comment was made by Robert Burley, a professor of photography at Ryerson University in Toronto, whose work on the collapse of film photography,
The Disappearance of Darkness
, was shown at the National Gallery of Canada in late 2013:
gallery.ca/en/see/exhibitions/upcoming/details/robert
-burley-disappearance-of-darkness-5324.

54 John Naughton, “Could Kodak’s Demise Have Been Averted?,”
Observer
, January 21, 2012,
theguardian.com/technology/2012/jan/22/john
-naughton-kodak-lessons.

55 Clayton Christensen,
The Innovator’s Dilemma: The Revolutionary Book That Will Change the Way You Do Business
(New York: Harper Business, 2011). For an introduction to Christensen’s ideas, see my TechCrunchTV interview with him. “Keen On . . . Clay Christensen: How to Escape the Innovator’s Dilemma,” April 2, 2012,
techcrunch.com/2012/04/02/keen
-on-clay-christensen-how-to-escape-the-innovators-dilemma-tctv. For a more critical view on the cult of Christensen, see Jill Lepore, “The Disruption Machine,”
New Yorker
, June 23, 2014.

56 “The Last Kodak Moment?,”
Economist
, January 14, 2012.
economist.com/node/21542796/print
.

57 Stone,
The Everything Store
, p. 348.

58 Joshua Cooper Ramo,
The Age of the Unthinkable: Why the New World Disorder Constantly Surprises Us and What We Can Do About It
(New York: Bay Back Books, 2010).

59 Paul F. Nunes and Larry Downes, “Big Bang Disruption: The Innovator’s Disaster,”
Outlook
, June 2013,
accenture.com/us
-en/outlook/Pages/outlook-journal-2013-big-bang-disruption-innovators-disaster.aspx.

60 Larry Downes and Paul F. Nunes, “Big-Bang Disruption,”
Harvard Business Review
, March 2013,
hbr.org/2013/03/big
-bang-disruption.

61 Ibid.

62 Larry Downes and Paul Nunes,
Big Bang Disruption: Strategy in the Age of Devastating Innovation
(New York: Portfolio/Penguin, 2014), p. 193.

63 Jason Farago, “Our Kodak Moments—and Creativity—Are Gone,”
Guardian
, August 23, 2013,
theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/aug/23/photography-photography
.

64 George Packer, “Celebrating Inequality,”
New York Times,
May 19, 2013.

65 Ibid.

66 “The Onrushing Wave,”
Economist
, January 18, 2014, p. 25.

67 Josh Constine, “The Data Factory—How Your Free Labor Lets Tech Giants Grow the Wealth Gap,”
TechCrunch
, September 9, 2013.

68 David Brooks, “Capitalism for the Masses,”
New York Times
, February 20, 2014.

69 Ibid.

70 George Packer, “No Death, No Taxes: The Libertarian Futurism of a Silicon Valley Billionaire,”
New Yorker
, November 28, 2011.

71 Ibid.

72 Ibid.

73 Robert M. Solow, “We’d Better Watch Out,”
New York Times
Book Review, July 12, 1987.

74 Timothy Noah,
The Great Divergence: America’s Growing Inequality Crisis and What We Can Do About It
(New York: Bloomsbury, 2012), p. 7.

75 Eduardo Porter, “Tech Leaps, Job Losses and Rising Inequality,”
New York Times
, April 15, 2014.

76 Loukas Karabarbounis and Brent Neiman, “The Global Decline of Labor Share,”
Quarterly Journal of Economics,
2014.

77 Thomas B. Edsall, “The Downward Ramp,”
New York Times
, June 10, 2014.

78 Tyler Cowen,
Average Is Over: Powering America Beyond the Age of the Great Stagnation
(New York: Dutton, 2013), p. 53.

79 Ibid., p. 229.