Authors: Ken Alder
541
"paranoid emotional core":
Richard M. Brickner,
Is Germany Incurable?
(Philadelphia, Pa.: Lippincott, 1943), 263.
542
"Democracy":
Henry W. Ehrmann,"An Experiment in Political Education,"
Social Research
14 (1947): 304–320, quotation, 319.
543
"militarists":
NARA/RG389/439A/48: Maxwell McKnight, "Memorandum for Chief, Field Service Branch," 6/7/45.
544
"sold someone a bill":
NARA/RG389/413.6/1643: Maxwell McKnight to Colonel Powell, 7/27/45.
545
"pro-communist in scope":
Robin,
Barbed-Wire College,
143.
546
Keeler found that 36 percent:
NARA/RG389/319.1/1627: L.K., "Report [POW Screening Project]," 9/12/45.
547
"those with a sincere":
NARA/RG389/439A/40: R. W. Pierce, "Report on Screening of German Prisoners," 8/30/45.
548
"We often were told":
NARA/RG389/1629: Siegfried Cammann to [Intelligence Officer], 10/12/45.
549
"a habit not desirable":
NARA/RG389/1629: Alpheus Smith to Edward Davidson, 11/9/45.
550
While only 6 percent:
Robin,
Barbed-Wire College,
162–163. See also Arthur L. Smith, Jr.,
The War for the German Mind: Reeducating Hitler’s Soldiers
(Providence, R.I.: Berghahn, 1996).
551
Oak Ridge was a city:
James Overholt, ed.,
These Are Our Voices: The Story of Oak Ridge, 1942–1970
(Oak Ridge, Tenn.: Children’s Museum of Oak Ridge, 1987). Russell B. Olwell,
At Work in the Atomic City: A Labor and Social History of Oak Ridge, Tennessee
(Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2004).
552
"insofar as possible"
and
"stolen product":
NARA/RG326/148: AEC, "Use of Lie Detector at AEC Installations," 3/24/53; with information on Keeler’s work of 1946. For an explanation of the "thefts," see NARA/RG326/149: AEC, "In the Matter of ‘Lie-Detector’ Panel Meeting," 1/24/52, p. 42. For a description of the Oak Ridge program by someone with access to the private records of the examiners, see John G. Linehan, "The Oak Ridge Polygraph Program,"
Polygraph
19 (1990): 131–137.
553
"heavily infested":
J. Parnell Thomas and Stacy V. Jones,"Reds in Our Atom-Bomb Plants,"
Liberty
(6/21/47): 15, 90–93. See local and national coverage:
Knoxville Journal,
6/5/47;
WP,
7/12/46, 6/5/47, 7/15/47. For context, see Wang,
Age of Anxiety,
149–180; Richard G. Hewlett and Oscar E. Anderson, Jr.,
A History of the United States Energy Commission,
vol. 2,
Atomic Shield,
ed. Richard G. Hewlett and Francis Duncan (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), 92–93.
554
By the early 1950s:
NARA/RG326/149: AEC, "In the Matter of ‘Lie-Detector’ Panel Meeting," 1/24/52.
555
"Q: Have you belonged":
LKP-DoD: Arnold Cohen,"Lecture," 2/12/54.
556
"friends or relatives":
NARA/RG326/148: AEC, "Use of Lie Detector at AEC Installations," 3/24/53.
557
"liberal thoughts":
NARA (Southeast)/RG326: F. P. Callaghan to J. S. Denton, 5/28/51.
558
That the test uncovered:
National Academy of Sciences, ed. Fienberg,
Polygraph,
48.
559
"on the ball"
to
"so to speak":
NARA/RG340/1: Paul V. Trovillo,"Report on a Survey of…Polygraph Program at Oak Ridge," 4/14/51.
560
"mental relief from worry":
ORP: J. C. Franklin to Carroll Wilson, 10/10/47.
561
By 1952 some 50,000:
R. Chatham, "Public Employee Screening," in "Selected Papers on the Polygraph,"
Conference on Criminal Interrogation and Lie Detection,
New York University, 11/8/1952 (N.p.: Board of Polygraph Examiners, 1956), 46. See also
Oak Ridger,
4/14/53.
562
"almost universal":
Dr. Richard Meiling, "Military Medical Problems,"6/27/51, quoted in Advisory Committee on Human Research Experiments,
Final Report
(Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1998), ch. 10, http://www.eh.doe.gov/ohre/roadmap/achre/.
563
"atomic support":
Alfred Hausrath et al.,"Troop Performance on a Training Maneuver Involving the Use of Atomic Weapons," Operation Research Office, Johns Hopkins University, ORO-T-0, (3/52), 53–61. For an account based on an unpublished manuscript by Chatham and Trovillo, see John G. Linehan,"Historical Note: Polygraph Research Study of Fear in a Field Situation, Review of a 1951 Study,"
Polygraph
25 (1996): 152–158. See also Howard L. Rosenberg,
Atomic Soldiers: American Victims of Nuclear Experiments
(Boston, Mass.: Beacon, 1980), 41.
564
"men standing straight":
Paul Boyer,
By the Bomb’s Early Light: American Thought at the Dawn of the Atomic Age
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994), 300.
565
fears of 46 percent:
Irving Gitlin, "Radio and Atomic-Energy Education,"
Journal of Educational Sociology
22 (1949): 327–330.
566
"others"
and
"lousy":
NARA/RG340/1: Trovillo,"Report on a Survey.".
567
"raising a fuss":
UCA/AORES/6: AORES, "It Is Time to Protest about Security," 9/7/47. See Truman,
NYT,
9/14/48.
568
"40 percent of senior physicists and chemists":
UCA/AORES/50: R. W. Stoughton to Senator Bourke Hickenlooper, 9/17/48.
569
"an instrument of third-degree":
"‘Lie Detector’ Doesn’t,"
Science News Letter
49 (3/30/46): 207.
570
"an unfavorable and sometimes":
NARA/RG326/148: AEC, "Use of Lie Detector at AEC Installations," 3/18/53.
571
"violent opposition"
to
"assur[ing] that":
NARA/RG326/149: AEC, "In the Matter of ‘Lie-Detector’ Panel Meeting," 1/24/52.
572
In December 1951:
Anthony Leviero, "U.S. Tests Staff by Lie Detectors,"
NYT,
12/20/51. See also the follow-up in
WP,
12/21/51.
573
"un-American":
Wayne Morse, "Use of Lie Detectors,"
Congressional Record
98(7), 1/17/52, pp. 258–262. Leviero, "Morse Denounces,"
NYT,
1/18/52.
574
"the examiner draws":
Fred Inbau, in NARA/RG326/149: AEC,"In the Matter of ‘Lie-Detector’ Panel Meeting," 1/24/52.
575
"In many respects":
NARA/RG59/16/ConferenceReport: Peter Regis, "Conference of Regional Security Supervisors," 4/53.
576
"Such a hypothetical":
Isaac Asimov,
Second Foundation,
in
The Foundation Trilogy
(Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1953), 208.
577
"cover":
DDRS: Colonel S. Edwards to Director of CIA, "Project Bluebird, Memorandum," 4/5/50; Sidney Gottlieb, "Prospectus for Continuation of Research Project II on LSD," 6/9/53. See also John Marks,
The Search for the "Manchurian Candidate": The CIA and Mind Control
(New York: Times Books, 1979); McCoy,
Question of Terror.
578
Popular books:
Edward Hunter,
Brainwashing: The Story of the Men Who Defied It
(Farrar, Straus & Cudahy, 1956). For Hunter’s affiliation with the CIA and the origins of the term "brainwashing," see Marks,
Search for the "Manchurian Candidate,"
125–126. Even books with a different political orientation made comparable claims; see Joost A. M. Meerloo,
The Rape of the Mind
(Cleveland, Ohio: World, 1956).
579
As one British author:
William Sargant,
Battle for the Mind: A Physiology of Conversion and Brain-Washing
(Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1957), 192–196.
580
"we begin palely":
Joseph and Stewart Alsop, "Lie-Detector Piling Up Records,"
WP,
2/21/54.
581
"An illusion can become":
George Orwell,"England, Your England," in
Inside the Whale and Other Essays
(Harmondsworth, England: Penguin, [1941], 1957), 71.
582
Keeler’s former partner:
George Haney,"Report on…Polygraph…of Korean Nationals and Communist Chinese," Operations Research Office, ORO-S-85, 11/14/50, archived at http://antipolygraph.org/read.shtml.
583
"playing it cool":
Albert D. Biderman,
March to Calumny: The Story of American POW’s in the Korean War
(New York: Macmillan, 1963), 43–45. Compare this with Eugene Kinkead,
In Every War but One
(New York: Norton, 1959).
584
Dean had been the first:
William F. Dean,
General Dean’s Story
(New York: Viking, 1954), 130–131.
585
"red herring": NYT,
8/6/48.
586
"whichever one of you":
Representative F. Edward Hebert, in Special Subcommittee of the U.S. House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), "Hearings Regarding Communist Espionage in the U.S. Government,"8/16/48, at http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/hiss/hiss.html.
587
"
CHAMBERS
: Yes":
HUAC, "Hearings Regarding Communist Espionage,"8/7/48.
588
"fly out and assist":
RNP: L.K. to Richard Nixon, 8/14/48.
589
"the outstanding man":
HUAC, "Hearings Regarding Communist Espionage," 8/16/48.
590
"
not
, however, a ‘lie detector’":
Alger Hiss to J. Parnell Thomas, 8/18/48; in
New York Herald Tribune,
8/20/48. Also in Alger Hiss,
In the Court of Public Opinion
(New York: Knopf, 1957), 420–421, emphasis in original. See also
New York Herald Tribune,
8/17/48; Sam Tanenhaus,
Whittaker Chambers: A Biography
(New York: Random House, 1997), 253–254, 265, 586; Allen Weinstein,
Perjury: The Hiss-Chambers Case
(New York: Knopf, 1978), 21–40.
591
"In the opinion": NYT,
8/22/48. See also
New Yorker,
9/4/48.
592
"82 percent accurate": WP,
8/23/48.
593
In later years Nixon:
Richard M. Nixon,
Six Crises
(Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1962), 17–18, 29.
594
"I don’t know anything":
NARA/NixonWhiteHouseTapes/545-3: Nixon, 7/24/71.
595
Now he offered: NYT,
3/22/54. But see also
WP,
6/2/54.
596
"security risks": NYT,
3/1/50.
597
"the sexual perverts":
Guy George Gabrielson, quoted in
NYT,
4/19/50.
598
The Kinsey Report:
Alfred Kinsey, Wardell Pomeroy, and Clyde Martin,
Sexual Behavior in the Human Male
(Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders, [1948], 1949).
599
"Is he?":
Cheever, quoted in Johnson,
Lavender,
53–55.
600
"90 twisted twerps":
Jack Lait and Lee Mortimer,
Washington Confidential
(New York: Crown, 1951), 90.
601
"When the son of the Democrat senator":
Johnson,
Lavender,
140–141.
602
"peculiar lips":
Blevins in NARA/RG59/1953–60/b12/BureauSecurity: C. M. Dulin to Michael J. Ambrose, 4/16/53.
603
"quick test":
[Hoey Hearings], U.S. Senate, Investigation Subcommittee, Committee on Expenditures in the Executive Departments, Executive Sessions,"Report of Proceedings," 7/26/50, 2256.