The Modern Mercenary: Private Armies and What They Mean for World Order (44 page)

neomedieval warfare and,
93
–
94

NGOs in,
80
–
81

PMCs in,
9
,
15
,
19
,
22
,
23
,
23
f
,
25
,
46
,
55
,
96
,
151
,
153
,
156

private armies vs. public forces of,
53

security needs of the US in,
12

Sunni and Shia conflict in,
94

UN and,
70

US combat operations in,
96

US political debate and,
55

US propaganda in Iraq press,
15

IRC,
80

ISAF (International Security Assistance Force),
97
–
98

Islamic courts,
85

Islamic nations,
87

Islamic State in Iraq and Sham,
70

ISOA (International Stability Operations Association),
8
,
10
,
52
,
160

Israel,
93
–
94

Italy: Africa and,
67

Middle Age mercenaries in,
26
–
27
,
28
,
46
,
54
,
55

Middle Age sovereignty fragmentation in,
72
–
73
,
81

Middle Age trade,
75
–
76

Renaissance mercenaries in,
52

vessel protection detachments of,
142

ITT,
155

Jackie’s Adventure and Liberia’s New Armed Forces
,
123
,
124
f

Jagland, Thorbjorn,
87
–
88

Jamaica,
84
–
85
,
132

Jan Schakowsky,
160

Japan,
36
,
48
,
54
,
67

J. Donne Holdings,
36

John Rapley,
84
–
85

Jones, Simon,
138

journalists.
See
media

Julius Caesar,
28
,
91

Kabbah, Ahmad Tejan,
39

Karzai, Hamid,
15

KBR,
17
t

Keenie Meenie Services,
36

Kenya,
38
,
85
,
132
,
145
,
146
–
47
,
154

Keynes, John Maynard,
41

Khan of the Tartars,
79
–
83

Kinsey, Christopher,
22

Klein, Jacques Paul,
105
,
109

Kosovo,
44
,
70
,
95

KROLL,
80

Krugman, Paul,
56
–
57

Kurosawa, Akira,
1

Kyrgyzstan,
53

Landau, Konrad von,
63

Latin America: drug wars in,
94

liberalization in,
42

mercenaries in,
37

MS-13 in,
83

new market for force in,
155

WatchGuard International in,
36

League of Arab States,
87

Lebanon,
84
,
93
–
94

Lenin, Vladimir,
42

Le Sage, Andre,
145
–
46
,
146

lethal force by PMCs: definitions of PMCs and,
11

government oversight and,
9

new and controversial nature of,
23

WPPSs contract,
15

Levine, Corey,
80

Liberia: community policing in,
147

as failed state,
70

RUF and,
14

UN and,
70

Liberia, case study: buying an army,
107
–
10

DynCorp contract,
107
–
10
,
169
–
83

negative aspects,
117
–
28
,
124
f

new order,
104
–
7

overview,
xv
,
101
–
2
,
128
–
30
,
147
–
49
,
158
–
59

positive aspects,
110
–
17
,
112
f
,
114
f

siege of Monrovia,
102
–
4

timeline of program,
185
–
90

Liberian National Police,
123

Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy (LURD),
148

Libya,
47
–
48
,
55
,
152
,
154

Licensed to Kill
(Pelton),
9
–
10

Lieber Code (1863),
35

Lifeguard,
80

Lincoln Group,
15
,
16
t

Lisle, Thomas de,
83

Liu Xiaobo,
87
–
88

local hiring,
24
–
25
,
156
–
58

Lockheed Martin,
155

LOGCAP (Logistics Civil Augmentation Program),
23

Logistics Civil Augmentation Program (LOGCAP),
23

Louis XIV (king),
32
,
33
–
34

Louvois, marquis de,
34

Luitingh, Lafras,
140

LURD (Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy),
148

Lützen, Battle of,
29

McCabe, Bernie,
39

Machiavelli, Niccolò,
52
,
63
,
66
,
128

McKnight, Terence,
143

McLuhan, Marshall,
76

Malacca Straits,
145

Malatesta, Sigismondo,
46

Malatesti family,
84

Mali,
14
,
130

Mamluk sultanate,
28

Mann, Simon,
39
,
155

Mansfeld, Ernest,
102

Mao Zedong,
82
,
91
,
99

Marathon Oil Corporation,
39

market for force: black market for,
35
–
38

contracts in a,
52

encouraging war,
55
–
57

free market mercenaries,
30
–
31
,
99
,
100

free market vs. mediated,
30
–
31

information asymmetry and the,
57
–
59

mediated market with military enterprisers,
31
,
40
,
99

for profit killing and,
18
,
53
–
55
,
See also
Liberia, case study

Somalia, case study

Market for Force, The
(Avant),
11
–
12

market for force trends: industry bifurcation (mediated market/free market with mercenaries),
158
–
59

industry globalization,
151
–
56

industry indigenization,
156
–
58

industry resilience,
150
–
52

overview,
149
–
50
,
165
–
68

regulatory and market approaches for PMCs,
160
–
65

Matiullah Khan,
149
,
150
,
156

Matthias Corvinus (king),
32

Maximilian I (emperor),
50

Médecins sans Frontières,
80

media: on Furlong contract,
56

on Liberia,
106

on mercenary market,
51

on military deaths,
45

NGOs use of the,
80

PMCs and the,
9
–
10

on Somalia,
44
,
133
,
135

US Iraq propaganda,
15

MEJA (Military Extraterritorial Jurisdiction Act),
161

Menkhaus, Ken,
146
,
147

mercenary PMCs: definition of mercenaries in Geneva Protocol I,
37
–
38

military enterprisers vs.,
30

overview,
14
,
16
t, See also
private military history; Somalia, case study

Merchant of Venice, The
(Shakespeare),
75

Mexico,
25
,
83
,
94
,
155

Middle Ages: globalization during the,
75
–
76

marauding mercenaries in the,
53

medieval solutions to modern problems,
145
–
48

modern PMCs parallels with PMCs in the,
26
–
27

sovereignty fragmentation in the,
5
–
6
,
72
–
73
,
84
,
85
–
86

transnational criminal organizations in the,
83

transnational organizations in the,
79

world order during the,
63

military enterprisers PMCs: in the 1600s,
29
–
32

mercenaries vs.,
30
,
40

overview,
14
–
15
,
16
t, See also
Liberia, case study

Military Extraterritorial Jurisdiction Act (MEJA),
161

Military Professional Resources Inc.
See
MPRI

Mills, Greg,
106

Mirabeau, marquis de,
34

MIT,
41

Mobutu, Joseph,
37

Mogadishu, Battle of,
94
,
136

Mohamed Farrah Aidid,
84

Molyns, John,
83

Montefeltri family,
84

Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States (1933),
68

Montone, Braccio da,
46

Montreux Document,
83
,
161
–
62

More, Thomas,
45

Morgan Stanley,
81

Morgenthau, Hans,
69

Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND),
155

Mozambique,
38

MPRI (Military Professional Resources Inc.): in Croatia and Bosnia,
44

developing countries
expertise,
48

functional areas and typical tasks of,
16
t

in Latin America,
155

Liberia and,
108

NGOs and,
80

MS -13,
83
,
93

Muhammad, Ali Mahdi,
134

Myanmar,
53

My Lai massacre,
61
,
63

Napoleon,
33

National Defense Authorization Act,
11

National Performance Review,
43

National Security Presidential Directive
44
,
96

National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA),
14

NATO,
97
,
111
,
130
,
149
,
151
,
158

Navy SEAL Team Six,
94

neomedievalism: Bull’s test for,
74
–
75
,
77
,
79
,
165
–
66

controlling private military force under,
6

defined,
6

disintegration of states,
84
–
85

emergence of,
5
–
7

globalization and,
75
–
76

human rights regime and,
86
–
88

Middle Ages and,
72
–
74
,
85
–
86

overview,
88
–
89
,
165
–
68

regional integration of states,
77
–
78

transnational organizations and,
75
,
79
–
83
,
See also
Liberia, case study; Somalia, case study

neomedieval warfare: combatants vs. civilians in,
93
,
95
,
103

crusades,
90
–
91

PMCs and contract warfare,
95
–
98

warrior ethos and,
98
–
99

Westphalian warfare vs.,
91
–
95
,
93
f
,
96
–
97

Netherlands,
142

New York Times
,
80

NGOs.
See
nongovernmental organizations

Niger delta,
82

Nigeria,
94
,
154
–
55

Nightingale, Andrew,
36

Nisour Square, Baghdad,
23
,
53
,
59
,
62
–
63
,
65
,
97

Nobel Peace Prize (2010),
87
–
88

nongovernmental organizations (NGOs): Bancroft Global Development and,
141

human rights regime and,
1
–
3
,
79
–
80
,
86

in Kenya,
147

in Liberia,
105
–
6
,
112

overview,
79
–
81

PMCs and,
2
–
3
,
80
–
81

in Somalia,
134
,
135

Nordic Crisis Management,
138