The New Middle East (74 page)

 
  
2
   
Learning from Iraq: A Final Report from the U.S. Special Inspector General For Iraq Reconstruction
, Stuart W. Bowen, March 2013, p. 37.

 
  
3
   ‘Remarks by President George W. Bush at the 20th Anniversary of the National Endowment for Democracy’, 6 November 2003.

 
  
4
   Bush,
Decision Points
, p. 268.

 
  
5
   Barry S. Levy and Victor W. Sidel, ‘Adverse Health Consequences of the Iraq War’,
The Lancet,
vol. 381, issue 9870, pp. 949–58, 16 March 2013.

 
  
6
   Office of the Press Secretary, The White House, ‘President Bush Addresses the Nation’, The Oval Office 10.16 pm est, 19 March 2003.

 
  
7
   Imperial War Museum Department of Documents RB/1 c. 1918.

 
  
8
   Rogan,
The Arabs
, p. 173.

 
  
9
   Derek Hopwood, ‘Iraq: Conflict in Context, British Relations with Iraq’,
BBC History
, 2 October 2003.

 
10
   Rogan,
The Arabs
, p. 313.

 
11
   Ibid., p. 316.

 
12
   Andrew Cockburn and Patrick Coburn,
Out of the Ashes: The resurrection of Saddam Hussein
, Harper Perennial, 2000, p. 73.

 
13
   ‘Iraq surveys show “humanitarian emergency” ’,
Unicef.org/newsline/99pr29.htm.

 
14
   Paul Danahar, ‘Iraq sees little to cheer in seven years since war’
,
BBC News, 24 March 2010.

 
15
   BBC News, ‘Bush promises Iraqis “freedom” ’, 31 March 2003.

 
16
   Rogan,
The Arabs
, p. 173.

 
17
   BBC News, ‘Britain suffered defeat in Iraq, says US general’, 29 September 2010.

 
18
   BBC News, ‘Tony Blair: Life in Iraq 10 years on not as I hoped’, 26 February 2013.

 
19
   Bush,
Decision Points
, p. 257.

 
20
   Geoffrey Wawro,
Quicksand: America’s Pursuit of Power in the Middle East
, Penguin Press, New York, 2010, p. 12.

 
21
   Robert Fisk,
Pity The Nation: Lebanon at War
, Oxford University Press, 1991, p. 512.

 
22
   Bob Woodward,
Veil: The Secret Wars of the CIA 1981–1987
, Simon & Schuster, New York, 1987, p. 418.

 
23
   Thomas E. Ricks,
Fiasco: The American Military Misadventure in Iraq
, Penguin Books, New York, 2007, p. 103.

 
24
   L. Paul Bremer III with Malcolm McDonnell,
My Year in Iraq: The Struggle to Build a Future of Hope
, ibook edition, Simon & Schuster, New York, 2006, p. 45

 
25
   
Learning from Iraq
, p. 40.

 
26
   Agence France-Presse, ‘As Arabs demand democracy, Iraqis want electricity’, 16 February 2011.

 
27
   Alter, ‘Is “groupthink” driving us to war?’

 
28
   Bush,
Decision Points
, p. 258.

 
29
   Office of the Press Secretary, The White House, ‘President Bush Announces Major Combat Operations in Iraq Have Ended’, 1 May 2003.

 
30
   Brian Knowlton, ‘Top U.S. General in Iraq Sees “Classical Guerrilla-Type” War’,
International Herald Tribune
, 16 July 2003.

 
31
   ‘U.S.: Leading Saddam aide caught’, CNN.com/world, 19 June 2003.

 
32
   Office of the Press Secretary, The White House, ‘President Bush Names Randall Tobias to be Global AIDS Coordinator’, 2 July 2003.

 
33
   Bush,
Decision Points
, p. 261.

 
34
   Patrick Cockburn,
Muqtada al-Sadr and the fall of Iraq
, Faber and Faber, London, 2008, p. 119.

 
35
   International Crisis Group,
Iraq’s Muqtada al-Sadr: Spoiler or Stabiliser?
, Middle East Report no. 55, 11 July 2006, p. 6.

 
36
   Ibid.,
p. 8.

 
37
   Julian E. Barnes, ‘Sadr Army is called Top Threat in Iraq’,
Los Angeles Times
, 19 December 2006.

 
38
   Moshe Schwartz,
The Department of Defense’s Use of Private Security Contractors in Iraq and Afghanistan: Background, Analysis, and Options for Congress
, Congressional Research Service, September 2009, p. 8.

 
39
   Ibid., p. 9.

 
40
   Ibid., Summary.

 
41
   David Teather, ‘US claims to uncover war plot’,
Guardian
, 10 February 2004.

 
42
   Bremer,
My Year in Iraq
, p. 464.

 
43
   Told to me by a senior Arab diplomat who met regularly with the Taliban leadership in Afghanistan in the years before the 9/11 attacks.

 
44
   Nelly Lahoud, Stuart Caudill, Liam Collins, Gabriel Koehler-Derrick, Don Rassler and Muhammad al-’Ubaydi,
Letters from Abbottabad: Bin Ladin Sidelined? SOCOM-2012-0000004, pp. 7–8
, Harmony Program, West Point, 3 May 2012.

 
45
   CNN, ‘Iraq Insurgency in “Last Throes”, Cheney says’, 20 June 2005
.

 
46
   Marc Santoro, ‘On the Gallows, Curses for U.S. and “Traitors” ’
, New York Times
, 31 December 2006.

 
47
   Major General Antonio M. Taguba, Deputy Commanding General Support, Coalition Forces Land Component Command,
AR-16 Investigation of the 800th Military police brigade investigating officer
, 27 May 2004, p. 31.

 
48
   Ibid., p. 32.

 
49
   Phillip Gourevitch and Errol Morris, ‘Exposure, The woman behind the Camera at Abu Ghraib’
, New Yorker
, 24 March 2008.

 
50
   
Senate Armed Services Committee Inquiry into the Treatment of Detainees in U.S. Custody
, Thursday, 11 December 2008.

 
51
   BBC, ‘Ex-Abu Ghraib inmates get $5m settlement from US firm’, 9 January 2013
.

 
52
   Mark Wilbanks and Efraim Karsh, ‘How the “Sons of Iraq” stabilized Iraq’,
Middle East Quarterly
, Fall 2010, pp. 57–70.

 
53
   Office of the Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction,
Sons of Iraq Program: Results are Uncertain and Financial Controls Were Weak
,
SIGIR 11-010, 28 January 2011.

 
54
   Kenneth Katzman,
Iraq: Politics, Governance and Human Rights,
Congressional Research Service report for the Congress, 13 December 2012, p. 20.

 
55
   Barack Obama,
The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on reclaiming the American dream
, ibook edition, Canongate, 2006, p. 350.

 
56
   Office of the Press Secretary, The White House, ‘Remarks of President Barack Obama – As prepared for Delivery, Responsibly Ending the War in Iraq’, 27 February 2009.

 
57
   Jonathan Alter,
The Promise, President Obama, Year One
, Kindle edition, Simon & Schuster, New York, 2010, p. 228.