The Roberts Court: The Struggle for the Constitution (60 page)

Coleman, Gregory,
241
–42

commerce clause,
165
–66,
331

activity-inactivity distinction in,
287
,
288
,
305
,
331
,
333
,
334
,
348
,
350

Affordable Care cases and,
3
,
283
,
287
,
322
,
332
–33,
336
,
339
,
344
,
347
–48,
349
,
350
,
354

Gibbons
and,
289
–90

Lopez
and,
292
,
293

Madison on,
288
–89

Morrison
and,
292
,
293

NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin
and,
290
–91

Raich
and,
292
–93

Supreme Court rulings on,
288
–94

Thomas’s view of,
289

Wickard
and,
291

compelling interest,
58
,
63
,
88

racial diversity as,
30
,
57
–58,
59
,
64
,
90
–91,
93
,
100
–101,
109
,
110
,
116

strict scrutiny and,
111
,
153

Comstock
case,
293
–94,
380

Affordable Care cases and,
294
,
339

confrontation clause,
8
,
15
–16,
221
–22

Congress, U.S.,
83
,
380

partisan warfare in,
341

regulation of economic activity by,
see
commerce clause

taxation powers of,
283
,
287
,
296
,
321
,
340
,
342
,
344
,
347
–48,
349
,
350
,
351
,
383

Congressional Budget Office,
284

Connerly, Ward,
36
,
49

Conrad, Kent,
71

Conrad, Robin,
316

consistent rate of agreement,
4

Constitution, U.S.,
6

Article I of,
3

as color-blind,
8
,
110
,
112
,
115
–16

commerce clause of,
see
commerce clause

confrontation clause of,
8
,
15
–16,
221
–22

due process clause of,
125
,
136
,
166
,
231
,
297
–98,
379

establishment clause of,
165
,
215
,
328
–29,
364
n
,
377

as living document,
see
pragmatism

necessary and proper clause of,
289
,
293
–94,
380

original meaning of,
see
originalism

range of language in,
9

Supreme Court standards in cases on,
152
–53

suspension clause of,
151
,
182
–84,
378

Constitutional Accountability Center,
307
–8

Controlled Substances Act,
292
,
293

Cooper, Charles,
132

Cornhusker kickback amendment,
282
–83,
344

corporations and unions:

and consequences of
Citizens United
ruling,
274
–77

electioneering restrictions on,
203
–4,
209
,
215
,
219
,
251
,
261
–65,
270
–73

First Amendment rights of,
263
–64,
273
,
380

PACs of,
203
,
204
,
209

Crawford, Michael,
15
–16

Crawford v. Washington
,
15
–16,
221
–22

crossing of political lines,
8
–9

Crow, Harlan,
341

cruel and unusual punishment,
73
,
165
,
184
–86

Cruz, Ted,
170

Cuccinelli, Ken,
282
,
318
–19

Davis, Jack,
186
,
216

Davis v. Federal Election Commission
,
216
–17,
218
,
378

Alito’s opinion in,
186
,
216
–17

death penalty,
83
,
376

Atkins v. Virginia
and,
184

Kennedy v. Louisiana
and,
184
–86,
378

Roper v. Simmons
and,
184

Stevens and,
298
,
367
n
-68
n

Decision Points
(Bush),
20

Defense of Marriage Act,
91
,
320

DeLay, Tom,
80

Delery, Stuart,
336

Dellinger, Walter,
71
,
148
,
152

Affordable Care Act and,
287
–88

on aggressiveness of Roberts Court,
194

background of,
158

case load of,
158
–59

Heller
amicus briefs and,
162

in
Heller
oral arguments,
159
,
160
,
173
,
174
,
175
–78,
179

on likely
Heller
outcome,
171
–72

on
Miller
case,
173

Depression, Great,
290

Deran, Dick,
48
,
51

Detainee Treatment Act (2005),
83
,
182

discrimination:

disparate impact,
238
–39,
246
,
247
,
379

gender,
323
–24

job,
313
,
345
,
364
n
,
377
,
379
–80,
381

racial,
see
racial balancing; racial discrimination; racial diversity

District of Columbia,
see
Washington, D.C.

District of Columbia Court of Appeals:

Citizens United
ruling of,
219

Parker
suit sustained by,
140
–41,
173

Second Amendment interpretation of,
140
–41

Seegars
case dismissed by,
139
–40

District of Columbia v. Heller, see Heller
case

Doe v. Reed
,
301
,
381

Douglas, William O.,
352

due process clause,
125
,
136
,
166
,
231
,
297
–98,
379

Durbin, Richard,
66
–67

economic activity, regulation of,
see
commerce clause

Education Department, U.S.,
92

Eighth Amendment,
108
,
378
,
380
,
383

cruel and unusual punishment in,
73
,
165
,
184
–86

Eisenhower, Dwight D.,
45

elections, U.S.:

of 1896,
208

of 1904,
208

of 1992,
200

of 2000,
20
,
199
,
218

of 2004,
202
,
204
,
205
,
212

of 2008,
199
,
200
,
206
,
227
–28

of 2010,
332

Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals,
285
,
331

Emerson, Timothy,
125
,
127

Emerson
case,
125
–27,
129
,
137

Endangered Species Act,
364
n

Engle, David,
30
–32,
36

English Bill of Rights,
182

English common law,
16

habeas corpus in,
182

environmentalism,
267

Environmental Protection Agency,
84
,
364
n
,
376

regulation of greenhouse gas emissions by,
106

Epstein, Lee,
315

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC),
107
,
125
,
364
n
,
377

equal protection clause,
3
,
54
,
56
,
59
,
63
,
65
,
80
,
100
,
112
,
113
,
114
,
115
,
136
,
168
,
187
,
238
,
247

Erica P. John Fund v. Halliburton
,
310

establishment clause,
165
,
215
,
328
–29,
364
n
,
377

Estrada, Miguel,
159
,
320

exclusionary rule,
68
,
73
,
79
,
266

executive branch:

partisan politics and,
341

powers of,
68
–69,
83

Exxon Valdez
oil spill,
159

facial constitutionality,
213
–14,
226
–27

Fahrenheit 9/11
(film),
202
–5

Farm Bankruptcy Act (1934),
290

Farr, H. Bartow,
339

“faux judicial restraint,”
214
,
215

Federal Arbitration Act,
315

Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act,
312

Federal Election Campaign Act (1971; amended 1974),
205
,
209
,
210

Federal Election Commission (FEC),
200
,
209
,
250
,
258
,
272

Citizens United
Fahrenheit 9/11
complaint to,
202
–3,
204
–5

Citizens United lawsuit against,
see Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission

Roberts test and,
217

WRTL
case and,
212
–16

Federal Election Commission v. Massachusetts Citizens for Life
,
259

Federal Election Commission v. Wisconsin Right to Life, see Wisconsin Right to Life (WRTL)
case

Federalist Society,
50
–51,
128
,
154

Feingold, Russell,
69
,
203
,
212
,
229
,
261
,
265

Fenty, Anthony,
134
,
138
,
143

in
Parker
appeal,
144
,
146
–47,
148

Fifteenth Amendment,
240
,
242
,
248

Fifth Amendment,
222

see also
due process clause

Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals,
125
–27,
137

Filburn, Roscoe,
291
,
292

firefighters, racial discrimination and,
238
–40,
241
,
246
,
255

First Amendment,
3
,
10
,
73
,
108
,
165
–66

association rights in,
174
–75,
213

Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association
and,
325
–26,
382

Buckley v. Valeo
and,
209
–12

campaign finance and,
186
–87,
200

Citizens United
and,
see Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission

corporations and,
263
–64,
273
,
380

Davis
case and,
186
,
216
–17,
218
,
378

establishment clause of,
see
establishment clause

Iqbal
case and,
222

Kennedy’s views on,
268
–69

McConnell
case and,
213
,
214

and money-equals-speech controversy,
210
,
211
–12

petition right in,
213

Roberts Court cases on,
300
–301,
324
–27,
377
,
380
,
381
,
382
,
383

Snyder v. Phelps
and,
325
–26,
382

Sorrell v. IMS Health
and,
326
–27,
382

Vermont campaign finance case and,
211
–12,
218

WRTL
case and,
see Wisconsin Right to Life (WRTL)
case

First Circuit Court of Appeals,
63

Fisher, Abigail,
4

Fisher v. University of Texas
,
4

501(c)(4) entities,
276

Florida, Affordable Care lawsuit of,
see
Affordable Care cases