The Rocks Don't Lie: A Geologist Investigates Noah's Flood (44 page)

as forming after the Creation, 39–40, 53, 81

lunar, 46–47

marine fossils found in, 12, 33–35, 41–42, 57–61, 70, 74, 80, 101, 173, 189, 253

mid-ocean ridges, 240, 241,
241,
242, 243

as ruins of once perfect world, 9, 44–45, 55, 65–69, 77

subterranean streams in, 55

Muav Limestone, 23–24, 27

Mundus Subterraneus
(
Subterranean World
) (Kircher), 55

Murchison, Roderick, 131–33, 138

Napoleon I, Emperor of the French, 89

NASA, 210

National Park Service, 15, 260
n

National Science Foundation, 259
n

Native Americans, 43, 68, 176

Beowulf-like story repeated by, 175

Clovis culture, 213

flood stories of, 23–24, 29, 172, 212–14

mammoth stories of, 86–87

Thunderbird and Whale mythology of, 217

tsunami flood stories of, 216–17

natural philosophers, 34, 35, 40, 41, 45, 49, 51, 53, 54, 56–57, 58, 64, 67, 69, 70, 71, 76, 77, 79–80, 83, 86, 91, 98, 104, 113, 114, 115, 119, 123–24, 182, 186

Natural Theology
(Paley), 122–23

nautilus, pearly, 80

Needham, Joseph, 100–101

Neolithic sites, 219

Neptunism, 101, 106, 108, 110

New Geology, The
(Price), 189

New System of Geology
(Cockburn), 138–39

New Theory of the Earth, A
(Whiston), 75

Newton, Isaac, 67–68, 71, 75

New World, 28–29, 84–87

exploration of, 42–43, 86–87

repopulation of, 43, 68

New York, 84–85

Catskill Formation, 96

Nez Perce Indians, 212

Niagara Bible Conference, 184

Nile River, 172, 176

Nineveh, 145–46, 148

Noah’s ark, xiii, 36, 67, 126–27, 227

animals in, 27, 56, 79, 87, 126, 137, 158–59, 165–66, 169, 230

Babylonian version of, 146–50

bitumen caulking of, 235

carnivores and, 111

Mount Ararat landing of, xiii, 238

New World animals in, 42–43

symbolic meaning of, 168–69

Noah’s Ark
(
Arca Noë
) (Kircher), 55

Noah’s Flood:

amount of rainfall in, 74, 165, 228

biblical critics’ view of, 36, 38

Black Sea flood as, 11, 222–23

cometary cause of, 73–75, 76, 113

contradictions in stories of, 165–66

dating of, 97, 120

divine creation of more water as needed for, 55, 66

duration of, 13, 16, 66, 74, 97, 114, 126, 165, 228

early Christian debate on, 35–41

floodwaters’ origins in, 54, 55, 61–63,
62,
65, 66–67, 69, 71, 76–77, 83, 110–11, 112–13, 228, 243

Noah’s flood (
continued
)

as global catastrophe, 7, 10, 33, 34, 35–36, 38–43, 50, 54–56, 65, 76, 85, 89, 90, 109, 121, 124, 135, 136, 141, 150, 153, 166–67, 169–70, 171–74, 223, 225–37, 245, 259
n

Grand Canyon as formed by, 15–16, 22, 24–25

human variety and, 43

inadequate supply of water for, 55, 56, 66, 73, 74, 228

marine fossils in mountains explained by, 33–34

Mesopotamian versions of, 143–53,
144

planetary repopulation after, 43, 55–56, 63, 197

postdiluvian runoff problem of, 42, 55, 62, 67, 75, 243

Protestant interpretations of, 43–51

as recent global catastrophe, 89, 120, 124, 125–28

as regional or local disaster, 11, 55–56, 135, 150–53, 169–71, 172–74, 177, 184, 228

sediment rate required for, 22

suspended gravity and, 71

symbolic meaning of, 36–37, 38, 149, 168–69

triggers of, 53–54, 61–63, 67, 71, 79, 83, 110

vapor canopy theory of, 74, 113, 228, 230, 235, 245

White’s visions of, 186, 187

Nordic mythology, 214–15

North America, 14, 96, 110–11, 172, 175, 176, 248

Cascadia subduction zone of, 216

deglaciation of, 218–19

glacial outburst floods in, 201–14

human arrival in, 212–14, 230

mammoth fossils in, 84–87, 88, 118, 127, 261
n
–62
n

mastodon fossils in, 88, 261
n
–62
n

see also
Native Americans; New World

North Col Formation, 32

Notes on the State of Virginia
(Jefferson), 86

nuclear test ban treaties, 242

oceanography, 11, 220–23

plate tectonics and, 240–44

sonar in, 240–41

Odin, 214–15

Oenigen limestone quarry, 82

Ohio River, 86

oil well drilling, 195

Ojibwa (Chippewa) Indians, 214

Old Red Sandstone, 93–96,
95,
102, 107–8

Olympus, Mount, 38

On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
(Copernicus), 45–46

oral traditions, 8–9, 212, 216

Jewish, 152, 165, 166

transmission of, 176

Oratorians, 163

Oregon, 204, 206, 212, 213, 216–17

Origen, 36–37

Origines Sacrae
(
Sacred Origins
) (Stillingfleet), 56

Ovid, 158

Pacific Islands, 215, 248

Paine, Thomas, 164–65, 182

Paisley Caves site, 213

paleontology, 89, 185, 194, 249

Palestine Exploration Quarterly,
152

Paley, William, 122–23

Paluxy River footprints, 231

Pangea, 239

Pardee, Joe, 207–8, 209

Parker, Reverend Samuel, 205

Parnassus, Mount, 158

Paros, 217

Pasig-Potrero River, 115–17,
117

Patton, George, 225

Paul III, Pope, 45–46

Paul V, Pope, 48

Pawnee Indians, 213

pearly nautilus, 80

Pentateuch and Book of Joshua Critically Examined, The
(Colenso), 169–70

Permian Period, 23

Permian-Triassic extinction event, 91

Persians, ancient, 96, 98

Peter I “the Great,” Tsar of Russia, 84

Philippines, 115–17,
117

Philo, 35–36

photosynthesis, 5, 192–93

phyllite, 32

Pinatubo, Mount, 115–17,
117

Pindar, 158

pineal gland, 57

pink granite, 19

Pitman, Walter, 11, 221–23

Pius VII, Pope, 122–23

plants, 22, 56, 240

fossil, 73, 81, 82, 90

photosynthesis by, 5, 192–93

plate tectonics, xiii, 29, 181, 228–29, 232, 240–45, 249, 250

in earthquake distribution, 240, 242–43

explanatory power of, 243–44

Himalaya formed by, 33–34

mid-ocean ridges produced by, 240, 241,
241,
242, 243

spreading centers in, 241, 242,
244

subduction zones of, 216, 242–43,
244

Plato, 158, 217–18

Playfair, John, 107–8, 111–13

Polyhistor, Alexander, 157–58

populism, 182–83

Presbyterians, 182, 237

Prévost, Constant, 130

Price, George McCready, 185–91, 195, 196, 197, 227

evolution and, 186–87, 189–91

fossil record as viewed by, 187–89, 191, 229

new catastrophism of, 187–89

White’s influence on, 185–87

see also
flood geology

Principia Philosophiae
(Descartes), 53–54

Principles of Geology
(Lyell),
132,
133–37

Protestants, 43–51, 57, 63, 120, 162–63, 166, 179–99, 250

evangelical, 178, 183–85, 189–91, 193–98, 225–27, 235–38, 244

populist, 182–83

see also
fundamentalism

psychological hypotheses, 168–69

Ptolemy, 49

pudding stone, 124

Pu-keh-eh, 23

Qomolangma Fault, 32

Qomolangma Formation, 32–33

quartz, 17, 25

quartzite, 19, 124

Quaternary Period, 91

Questions and Answers on Genesis
(Philo), 35–36

radioactive isotopes, 17–19, 192–93, 198, 231, 259
n

radiocarbon dating, 5, 192–93,
192,
194, 230–31, 259
n