Authors: Matthew M. Aid
62. Johnson, “A Preliminary Verdict,” p. 10.
63. Burns,
Origins
, pp. 94–95.
3: Fight for Survival
1. Canine background from biographical data sheet, Brigadier General Ralph Julian Canine, September 1946, U.S. Army Center
of Military History, Washington, DC;
NSA Newsletter
, January 1954, p. 1, NSA FOIA.
2. Jacob Gurin and [deleted], “Ralph J. Canine,”
Cryptologic Spectrum
, vol. 1, no. 1 (Fall 1969): p. 7, DOCID: 3217178, NSA FOIA.
3. Letter, Wenger to Stone, May 13, 1952, RG-38, CNSG Library, box 101, file: MISC November 1951–July 1953, NA, CP; Charles
P. Collins,
The History of SIGINT in the Central Intelligence
Agency, 1947–1970
(Washington, DC: CIA History Office, October 1971), vol. 2, p. 2; Gurin and [deleted], “Ralph J. Canine,” p. 9; U.S. Army
Military History Institute, oral history,
Interview
with John J. Davis, Lt. General, USA Retired
, 1986, p. 113, Army Center for Military History, Washington, DC.
4. For AFSA’s SIGINT problems in Korea, see Thomas L. Burns,
The Origins of the National Security
Agency: 1940–1952
(Fort Meade, MD: Center for Cryptologic History, 1990), p. 93, NSA FOIA; memorandum, EUSAK G-2 to Chief of Staff,
Notes for the Commanding General
, January 16, 1951, RG-338, Records of the Eighth U.S. Army 1946–1956, entry 118 EUSAK G-2 Action Files, box 58, file: G-2
Action File, vol. 1, NA, CP; memorandum, G-2 to Commanding General EUSAK,
Intelligence Agencies Available to G-2
, undated, RG-338, Records of the Eighth U.S. Army 1946–1956, entry 118 EUSAK G-2 Action Files, box 58, file G-2 Action File,
vol. 1, NA, CP; message, 12/1908Z, Willoughby to ACSI, March 12, 1951, MORI DOCID: 3104676 NSA FOIA; oral history,
Interview with Herbert L. Conley
, March 5, 1984, pp. 73–74, declassified and on file at the library of the National Cryptologic Museum, Fort Meade, MD; Benson
K. Buffham, “The Korean War and AFSA,”
The Phoenician
, Spring 2001: p. 7. For the nightmarish internal situation at AFSA, see letter, Wenger to Roeder, December 29, 1950, p. 1,
RG-38, Crane CNSG Library, box 101, file: Miscellaneous N-RCA, NA, CP; letter, Wenger to Mason, May 19, 1951, RG-38, Crane
CNSG Library, box 101, file: Miscellaneous 1950–1951, NA, CP; letter, Mason to Wenger, December 22, 1951, RG-38, Crane CNSG
Library, box 101, file: Miscellaneous 1951– 1952, NA, CP.
5. For reorganization of NSA, see AFSA, General Order No. 1,
Staff Assignments
, January 9, 1952, NSA FOIA. For Rowlett’s departure, see letter, Wenger to Mason, January 17, 1952, RG-38 CNSG Library, box
101, file MISC 11/51–7/53, NA, CP; NSA oral history,
Interview with Frank B. Rowlett
, 1976, p. 372, NSA FOIA; NSA-OH-11-82, oral history,
Interview with Captain Wesley A. Wright,
USN
, May 24, 1982, p. 80, NSA FOIA; Dr. Thomas R. Johnson,
American Cryptology During the
Cold War, 1945–1989
(Fort Meade, MD: Center for Cryptologic History, 1995), bk. I:
The Struggle
for Centralization, 1945–1960
, p. 93, NSA FOIA.
6. Burns,
Origins
, pp. 77–78;
Director’s Meeting
, October 25, 1951, CREST Collection, Document No. CIA-RDP80B01676R002300070052-5, NA, CP;
Daily Diary
, December 17, 1951, CREST Collection, Document No. CIA-RDP80R01731R0026005300011-9, NA, CP; CIA TS #29771, memorandum, Smith
to Executive Secretary, National Security Council,
Proposed Survey of
Communications Intelligence Activities
, December 10, 1951, President’s Secretary’s Files, Box 211, file: Situation Summary, HSTL, In de pendence, Missouri; ASA,
Annual Historical Report, Army
Security Agency: Fiscal Year 1953
, p. 14, INSCOM FOIA; AC of S, G3, ASA,
Annual Historical Report
of the Assistant Chief of Staff, G3, Plans, Organization and Training: Fiscal Year 1953
, September 1, 1953, p. 14, INSCOM FOIA. For CIA attitudes toward AFSA’s per for mance, see Ludwell Lee Montague,
General Walter Bedell Smith as Director of Central Intelligence, October 1950–
February 1953
, December 1971, vol. 5, p. 54, RG-263, NA, CP; memorandum, Smith to National Security Council,
Report by the Director of Central Intelligence
, April 23, 1952, p. 5, CREST Collection, Document No. CIA-RDP80R01731R001100080027-7, NA, CP.
7. For Truman’s meeting on June 13, 1952, with Smith and Lay, see President Truman’s Presidential Appointments Calendar for
June 13, 1952, Matthew J. Connelly Files, HSTL, Inde pendence, MO.
8. Memorandum, Bradley to Lovett, July 17, 1952, RG-218, Bradley CJCS File, box 4, file 334 (A-L1952), NA, CP; memorandum,
Samford to Twining, August 6, 1952, RG-341, entry 214, box 66, file 2-24400-2-24499, NA, CP; memorandum, G-2 to Chief of Staff,
Brownell Special Committee
Report
, August 7, 1952, RG-319, entry 1 (UD) Army Chief of Staff Top Secret Correspondence, box 11, NA, CP;
Official Diary
, August 7, 1952, p. 2, CREST Collection, Document No. CIA-RDP79-01041A000100020158-9, NA, CP; memorandum, Twining to Secretary
of Defense, August 8, 1952, RG-341, entry 214, box 66, file 2-24500-2-24599, NA, CP; memorandum, Howe to Armstrong, October
9, 1952, RG-59, entry 1561 Lot 58D776 INR Subject Files, box 27, file NSA, NA, CP (this document was reclassified by the CIA
in 2005);
Official Diary
, October 10, 1952, p. 2, CREST Collection, Document No. CIA-RDP79-01041A000100020105-7, NA, CP;
Official Diary
, October 11, 1952, p. 1, CREST Collection, Document No. CIA-RDP79-01041A000100020104-8, NA, CP; ASA,
Annual Historical Report, Army Security Agency Fiscal Year 1953
, p. 15, INSCOM FOIA.
9. For Truman signing the directive, see President Truman’s Presidential Appointments Calendar for October 24, 1952, Matthew
J. Connelly Files, HSTL, In depen dence, MO.
10. Memorandum, President Truman to Secretaries of State and Defense,
Communications
Intelligence Activities
, October 24, 1952, CREST Collection, Document No. CIA-RDP77-00389R000100090045-8, NA, CP; NSA,
National Security Agency Orga nization Manual
, April 19, 1954, chap. 3, p. 1, NSA FOIA; CIA Historical Staff,
Allen Welsh Dulles as DCI
, vol. 2, pp. 157–58, RG-263, NA, CP; ASA,
History of the Army Security Agency and Subordinate Units
for Fiscal Year 1953
, vol. 1, pp. 3–4, INSCOM FOIA; ASA,
Annual Historical Report ASA G-3 Fiscal
Year 1953
, p. 16, INSCOM FOIA.
4: The Inventory of Ignorance
1. CIA, Office of Current Intelligence, Caesar-1,
“The Doctors’ Plot,”
July 15, 1953, p. 13; CIA, Office of Current Intelligence, Caesar-2,
Death of Stalin
, July 16, 1953, pp. 1–2, 11–14; CIA, Office of Current Intelligence, Caesar-4,
Germany
, July 16, 1953, p. 1, all in CIA Electronic FOIA Reading Room, Caesar-Polo-Esau Papers, http://www.foia.cia.gov/ cpe.asp.
2. For early HUMINT reporting on the East Berlin riots, see OCI No. 4491A, CIA, Office of Current Intelligence,
Comment on East Berlin Uprising
, June 17, 1953, CIA Electronic FOIA Reading Room, Document No. 0000677387, http://www.foia.cia.gov. For NSA per formance,
confidential interviews.
3. Dr. Thomas R. Johnson,
American Cryptology During the Cold War, 1945–1989
, bk. 1,
The
Struggle for Centralization, 1945–1960
(Fort Meade, MD: Center for Cryptologic History, 1995), p. 227, NSA FOIA.
4. Commission on Orga nization of the Executive Branch of the Government,
Task Force Report on
Intelligence Activities in the Federal Government
(Hoover Commission Report), May 1955, appendix 1, part 1, Report of Survey of National Security Agency, p. 48, CREST Collection,
Document No. CIA-RDP86B00269R000900010001-0, NA, CP; Johnson,
American Cryptology
, bk. 1, pp. 228–29; interview with Frank Rowlett.
5. CIA 36337-c, “The Foreign Intelligence Program,” February 10, 1954, p. 5, attached to memorandum, Office of Intelligence
Coordination to Director of Central Intelligence,
NSC Status Report
, February 17, 1954, CREST Collection, Document No. CIA-RDP80B01676R001100070001-4, NA, CP; Johnson,
American Cryptology
, bk. 1, p. 178. The “very dark” quote is taken from IAC-D-55/4, Intelligence Advisory Committee,
NSC Status Report on the Foreign Intelligence Program
, July 28, 1953, p. 6, CREST Collection, Document No. CIA-RDP80R01731R000800070010-0, NA, CP.
6. CIA, Directorate of Intelligence, RP 77-10141CX,
Probable Soviet Reactions to a Crisis in Poland
, June 1977, pp. 3, 21–22, CIA Electronic FOIA Reading Room, Document No. 0000498549, http:// www.foia.cia.gov.
7. “Situation in Hungary,”
Current Intelligence Digest
, October 24, 1956, p. 3, CIA Electronic FOIA Reading Room, Document No. 0000119732, http://www.foia.cia.gov; CIA, NSC Briefing,
Hungary
, October 25, 1956, pp. 1–2, CIA Electronic FOIA Reading Room, Document No. 0000119733, http:// www.foia.cia.gov; “The Hungarian
Situation (as of 0100 EDT),”
Current Intelligence
Bulletin
, October 27, 1956, pp. 3–4, 13, CIA Electronic FOIA Reading Room, Document No. 0000119738, http:// www.foia.cia.gov; memorandum,
Office of Current Intelligence to Deputy Director (Intelligence),
Military Activity Connected with the Hungarian Crisis
, October 27, 1956, CIA Electronic FOIA Reading Room, Document No. 0000119739, http:// www.foia.cia.gov; “The Situation in
Hungary (as of 0900, 1 November),”
Current Intelligence Weekly Review
, November 1, 1956, pp. 5–6, CIA Electronic FOIA Reading Room, Document No. 0000119766, http://www.foia.cia.gov. For Bad Aibling
monitoring these Russian radio transmissions, see David Colley, “Shadow Warriors: Intelligence Operatives Waged Clandestine
Cold War,”
VFW
Magazine
, September 1997.
8. Memorandum, Office of Current Intelligence to Deputy Director (Intelligence),
Military Activity
Connected with the Hungarian Crisis
, October 27, 1956, CIA Electronic FOIA Reading Room, Document No. 0000119739, http://www.foia.cia.gov; “The Situation in
Hungary (as of 0900, 1 November),”
Current Intelligence Weekly Review
, November 1, 1956, pp. 5–6, CIA Electronic FOIA Reading Room, Document No. 0000119766, http://www.foia.cia.gov.
9. “New Large-Scale Mobilization in Israel,”
Current Intelligence Bulletin
, October 27, 1956, p. 6, CREST Collection, Document No. CIA-RDP79T00975A002800070001-3, NA, CP; “Israel Approaching Complete
Mobilization,”
Current Intelligence Bulletin
, October 28, 1956, p. 5, CREST Collection, Document No. CIA-RDP79T00975A002800080001-2, NA, CP; message, JCS 91289, Joint
Chiefs of Staff to Commander in Chief Strategic Air Command, October 29, 1956, box B206, file Item B-57673, Curtis E. LeMay
Papers, Library of Congress; CIA, History Staff,
Allen Welsh Dulles as Director of Central Intelligence
, vol. 5, p. 12, RG-263, NA, CP; U.S. Department of State,
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1955–57
, vol. 16,
Suez Crisis
(Washington, DC: GPO, 1990), pp. 798–800, 834, 849.
10. John L. Helgerson,
Getting to Know the President: CIA Briefings of Presidential Candidates, 1952–
1992
(Washington, DC: Center for the Study of Intelligence, 1996), p. 44.
11. “The Situation in Hungary,”
Current Intelligence Weekly Review
, November 8, 1956, p. 8, CIA Electronic FOIA Reading Room, Document No. 0000119763, http://www.foia.cia.gov.
12. Op-922Y2F/jcr, Ser: 000582P92, memorandum, Chief of Naval Operations to Secretary of State et al.,
Marked Increase Noted in Soviet Submarine Operations Away from Home Waters
, September 22, 1956, p. 2, DDRS;
Watch Committee Report
, undated but circa November 6–7, 1956, RG-218 JCS, Chairman’s File, Adm. Radford 1953–1957, box 47, file ME 1956, NA, CP;
Johnson,
American Cryptology
, bk. 1, p. 235.
13. TS #141612-e, IAC-D-55/12,
Annual Report to the National Security Council on the Status of the
Foreign Intelligence Program (as of 30 June 1957)
, September 3, 1957, p. 2, CREST Collection, Document No. CIA-RDP79R00961A000300110011-1, NA, CP.
14. Historical Division, Joint Chiefs of Staff,
Summary Study of Nine Worldwide Crises
, Tab 7: Hungarian Crisis, October 1956, September 25, 1973, p. 2, DoD FOIA Reading Room, Document No. 984-4, Pentagon, Washington,
DC; Johnson,
American Cryptology
, bk. 1, p. 235.
15. Johnson,
American Cryptology
, bk. 1, p. 239.
16.
NSA Newsletter
, December 1968, p. 3;
NSA Newsletter
, November 1977, p. 8, both NSA FOIA.
17. John Prados,
The Soviet Estimate
(New York: Dial Press, 1982), pp. 41–43; interview with former senior intelligence official.
18. Johnson,
American Cryptology
, bk. 1, p. 107.
19. Commission on Orga nization of the Executive Branch of the Government,
Task Force Report on
Intelligence Activities in the Federal Government
, appendix 1, part 1, “Report of Survey of the National Security Agency,” May 1955, p. 18, CREST Collection, Document No.
CIA-RDP86 B00269-R000900010001-0, NA, CP; “Response of USCIB to
Report on Intelligence Activities in the Federal
Government Prepared for the Commission on Organization of the Executive Branch of the Federal Government
by the Task Force on Intelligence Activities
,” undated but circa June–July 1955, p. 2, DDRS; “Staff D Comments on Part I of Clark Report,” undated but circa July 1955,
pp. 7–8, CREST Collection, Document No. CIA-RDP78S05450A000100150023-8, NA, CP; CSM No. 374, CIA, Office of Research and Reports,
current support memorandum,
Soviets Plan Extensive
High-Capacity Microwave Systems
, March 29, 1956, CIA Electronic FOIA Reading Room, Document No. 0000234174, http://www.foia.cia.gov; CIA/RR IM-444, CIA,
Office of Research and Reports,
Intelligence Memorandum: Major Telecommunications Goals of the Soviet Sixth Five Year
Plan (1956–60)
, January 9, 1957, p. 15, CREST Collection, Document No. CIA-RDP79-T00935-A000400210004-4, NA, CP; U.S. Air Force Security
Service,
History of COMINT Collection Operations:
Fiscal Year 1958
, no date but circa 1959, pp. 14, 32, AIA FOIA; James S. Lay,
History of the
United States Intelligence Board
, Part 2, sec. P, Summary of USIB Annual Reports to the NSC, no date, p. 194, CREST Collection, Document No. CIA-RDP79M00098A000200020001-7,
NA, CP; Johnson,
American Cryptology
, bk. 1, p. 231; David A. Hatch, “Quis Custodiet Ipsos Cus-todes?,”
Cryptologic Almanac
, February 2003, p. 2, NSA FOIA.