The Wars of Watergate (133 page)

14.
Richard Whalen,
Catch the Falling Flag: A Republican’s Challenge to His Party
(Boston, 1972), 241–42; Joe McGinniss,
The Selling of the President 1968
(paperback ed., New York, 1970), 50.

15.
Agnew to Nixon, November 10, 1972, Ehrlichman Papers, Box 13, NP.

16.
Henry Kissinger,
Years of Upheaval
(Boston, 1982), 92; James Kilpatrick column,
Washington Star
, May 14, 1974; Agnew,
Go Quietly
, 26, 31, 34; Agnew Interview, January 14, 1989; Keene Interview, August 14, 1985.

17.
Agnew,
Go Quietly
, 40; Haldeman Notes, November 14, 1972, Haldeman Papers, Box 46, NP.

18.
Keene Interview, August 14, 1985; Otten Interview, October 10, 1985;
WSJ
, August 7, 1973;
NYT
, August 7, 8, 1973; NYT, August 22, September 5, 1973;
PPPUS:RN
, 1973, August 22, 1973 Press Conference, 710–725;
ibid.
, September 5, 1973 Press Conference, 732–43. For an account of the investigation and the detailed charges, see Richard M. Cohen and Jules Witcover,
A Heartbeat Away
(paperback ed., New York, 1974).

19.
Nixon,
Memoirs
, 2:465–68; Richardson Interview, May 14, 1985.

20.
Agnew,
Go Quietly
, 30, 58, 150, 195, 102, 191, 78, 116, 60; David Frost, “
I Gave Them a Sword: Behind the Scenes of the Nixon Interviews
” (New York, 1978), 290–92; Keene Interview, August 14, 1985; Richardson Interview, May 14, 1985; “Chronology,” August 20, September 1, 1973, in Leonard Garment MS, LC; Garment Interview, June 26, 1985; Petersen Interview, August 23, 1985; Laird Interview, June 27, 1985; Richardson Memo, October 19, 1973, Richardson MS, LC.

21.
Petersen Interview, August 23, 1985; Rita Hauser to Nixon, October 9, 1973, NPF, Box 9, NP; Agnew,
Go Quietly
, 140–43, 146, 151.

22.
The Agnew letter is in Agnew,
Go Quietly
, 165–67; Albert Interview, Capitol Hill Historical Society, 25, 29, 30; Keene Interview, August 14, 1985. Memorandum in Support of Motion [to Dismiss Criminal Indictment Against Agnew], September 28, U.S.D.C. (Md.), courtesy of Jay H. Topkis.

23.
Hutchinson Speech, September 27, 1973, Hutchinson Papers, FL; Fish Interview, June 26, 1975;
WP
, September 29, 1973; Richard Reeves,
A Ford, Not a Lincoln
(New York, 1975), 32; Gerald R. Ford,
A Time to Heal
(New York, 1979), 103.

24.
Nixon,
Memoirs
, 2:471; Keene Interview, August 14, 1985; Petersen Draft, September 21, 1973, in Buzhardt MS, courtesy of Mrs. J. F. Buzhardt; “Chronology,” August 7, 20, September 1, 1973, Garment MS, LC; Agnew,
Go Quietly
, 95, 187–89. Agnew said that he had written his memoirs because he was “innocent.”

25.
NYT
, October 11, 1973; Pack,
Edward Bennett Williams
, 324; Richardson,
Creative Balance
, 102–03; Nixon to Agnew, October 10, 1973, NPF, Box 5, NP.

26.
Hedley Donovan,
Roosevelt to Reagan: A Reporter’s Encounters with Nine Presidents
(New York, 1985), 123; Nixon,
Memoirs
, 2:582; Bork Interview, June 17, 1987; Jay H. Topkis to Author, June 10, 1988, January 25, 1989.

27.
Nixon,
Memoirs
, 2:475–78, 479–80, 484, 487–88, 494–504; Roger Morris,
Uncertain Greatness
(New York, 1977), 251–56; Kissinger,
Years of Upheaval
, 450–667; Golda Meir,
My Life
(New York, 1975), 362; Garment to Nixon, May 31, 1973, Garment MS, LC; Moorer
Interview, June 25, 1985; Finklestein Interview, May 30, 1985; Gazit Interview, December 29, 1985. The resupply question touched off a contemporary and running historiographical feud between Kissinger and Defense Secretary Schlesinger, longstanding antagonists. Compare, for example, Bernard and Marvin Kalb,
Kissinger
(Boston, 1974), 471–75, as well as the supplement of Kissinger’s memoirs, to the account Schlesinger dictated for
Time
, July 1, 1974, 33. In contrast to Middle East developments later in the month, the President seemed actively involved at this time.

28.
Richardson,
Creative Balance
, 38;
Nixon v. Sirica
, 487 F.2d 700 (1973);
Senate Select Committee v. Nixon
, 366 F. Supp. 51 (1973); Archibald Cox,
The Court and the Constitution
(Boston, 1987), 11–13.

29.
Wright to Fred Graham, March 22, 1974, Graham MS, LC.

30.
Garment to Richard Nixon, September 11, 1973, Garment MS, LC; “Chronology,” October 13, 1973,
ibid.
; Rose Mary Woods to Nixon, October 10, 1973, NPF, Box 9, NP.

31.
Ruckelshaus Interview, August 21, 1986; “Summary Chronology,” Richardson MS, LC. This paper was prepared by Richardson on December 10, 1973. Some of Richardson’s papers and related documents are collected in the John F. Kennedy Institute of Politics’ case study “The Saturday Night Massacre.”

32.
Stennis Telephone Interview, June 27, 1985;
WP
, December 4, 1973.

33.
“A Proposal,” #4, October 17, 1973, Richardson MS, LC; “Summary Chronology”; Cox to Richardson, October 18, 1973; Wright to Cox, October 18, 1973; Cox to Wright, October 19, 1973; Wright to Cox, October 19, 1973; Nixon to Richardson, October 19, 1973; Richardson Statement, October 19, 1973; Richardson Memo, October 19, 1973; Richardson to Nixon, October 20, 1973,
ibid.
; Garment Interview, May 29, 1985; Dash,
Chief Counsel
, 267–72; Ervin Interview, John Stennis Project, June 9, 1976, Stennis MS, Mississippi State University; Richardson,
Creative Balance
, 37; “Chronology,” October 18–19, 1973, Garment MS, LC. Cox interpreted his telephone conversation with Wright on the evening of October 28 as an attempt to force his resignation; Wright has refused to dispute or confirm that interpretation, courteously maintaining his vow of silence on his role. Wright to Author, June 13, 1985, July 28, November 16, 1987, and the Preface to his father’s account,
Legal Eagle
(privately published).

34.
Cox News Conference,
NYT
, October 21, 1973; Richardson,
Creative Balance
, 44.

35.
Richardson to the President, October 20, 1973, Richardson MS, LC; “Chronology,” October 20, 1973, Garment MS, LC; Richardson,
Creative Balance
, 44, 39; Nixon,
Memoirs
, 2:491–92; Richardson in
Boston Globe
, September 9, 1984; Ruckelshaus Interview, August 21, 1986;
Special Prosecutor
, Hearings, Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate, 93 Cong., 1 Sess., 237–318, 383–426.

36.
The accounts of Saturday night’s events in the Department of Justice are based on interviews with Bork, June 17, 1987, Ruckelshaus, August 21, 1986, and Richardson, May 14, 30, 1985; Richardson,
Creative Balance
, 44–45. The interviews are remarkable for their agreement on facts and language. Cox,
The Court and the Constitution
, 16–25, offers Cox’s version of events. Jaworski Oral History, Baylor University, 3:706.

37.
Bork Interview, June 17, 1987;
WP
, October 22, 1973.

38.
WP
, October 22, 23, 25, 1973;
PPPUS:RN, 1973
, Press Conference, October 26, 1973, 896–906.

39.
Federal Register
, 38:29466 (October 25, 1973);
Impeachment Inquiry
, Hearings, Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, 93 Cong., 2 Sess., 2:1401. Hereafter cited as HJC,
Impeachment Inquiry. WP
, July 2, 27, 1987;
NYT
, September 30, 1987; Bork Interview, June 17, July 18, 1987;
NYT
, July 1, 1987. Bork’s acquiescence in the ongoing functions of the WGSPF was acknowledged by the House Judiciary Committee in 1974. HJC,
Impeachment Inquiry
(June 19, 1974), 2:1401.

40.
Nixon,
Memoirs
, 2:493; Spear,
Presidents and the Press
, 230–32; Garment Interview,
May 29, 1985; Garment to Author, September 4, 1987; Wright to Author, July 28, 1987;
WP
, October 9, 1987; Watergate “Talking Paper,” c. October 21–23, 1973, SSF, Box 113, NP; Strom Thurmond to Bill Timmons, November 15, 1973, Nixon Papers, Box 16, NP. The White House claimed that after four days, it had received approximately 7,000 negative telegrams to 4,600 favorable ones—an unusual admission.

41.
Smith Statement, October 22, 1973, in Jaworski MS, Baylor University; William Safire in
NYT
, October 22, 1973;
Human Events
, November 3, 1973.

42.
Raymond L. Garthoff,
Detente and Confrontation: American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan
(Washington, 1985), 374–85, offered the most detailed, least self-serving account of the alert; also see Nixon,
Memoirs
, 2:498–500; Kissinger,
Years of Upheaval
, 583–613; Morris,
Uncertain Greatness
, 245–49;
Newsweek
, November 5, 1973;
WP
, October 26, 1973.

43.
Draft Speech, October 24, 1973, with Garment-to-Price memorandum of October 23, 1973, in NPF, Box 114, NP.

44.
John J. Sirica,
To Set the Record Straight
(New York, 1979), 175–76. Public advocate Ralph Nader and several liberal Democratic congressmen filed suit against Bork, contending that Cox’s dismissal had been illegal. Cox did not join the suit, sensing that his day had passed and that any claims he made to be restored to his position “would only divert attention from getting the real job done.” The district court found that Bork had violated the guidelines for his job, but the appellate court vacated the judgment on the ground that the case was moot.
Nader v. Bork
, 366 F. Supp. 104 (D.D.C. 1973); Watergate Special Prosecution Force,
Report
(October 1975), 11–12;
NYT
, November 15, 1973; Nancy Kassop, “President Nixon’s Dismissal of Special Prosecutor Archibald Cox,” unpublished paper.

45.
NYT
, October 24, 31, 1973; Flowers Interview, June [12?,] 1975; Thornton Interview, June 13, 1975; Railsback Interview, June 11, 1975.

46.
Ervin to Ira G. Shamel, November 7, 1973, Box 360, Ervin MS, Southern Historical Collections, University of North Carolina Library, for the Senator’s mail following Cox’s dismissal. J. H. Hexter, “Firestorm,” offered a useful analysis of the Ervin correspondence (unpublished paper, courtesy of the author).

47.
Griswold Interview, May 4, 1987; Clarence Kelley,
Kelley: The Story of an FBI Director
(Kansas City, 1987), 123, 131–34, 140; Richardson,
Creative Balance
, 46–47; Jaworski Oral History, Baylor University, 2:537–38.

1.
Nixon to Chapin, October 7, 1973, NPF, Box 6, NP; Nixon to Rose Mary Woods, September 13, 1973, NPF, Box 10, NP.

2.
Ehrlichman Notes, November [day?] 1972 meeting, Ehrlichman Papers, Box 13, NP; Nixon to Krogh, October 7, 1973, NPF, Box 10, NP; Leon Jaworski to Stephen N. Shulman (Krogh’s attorney), November 30, 1973; Indictment,
U.S. v. Krogh
, Dist. Ct., DC (October 11, 1973); Statement of Krogh to Judge Gesell, November 30, 1973, U.S. District Court Records,
U.S. v. Krogh
, NA; Richard Nixon,
RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon
(paperback ed., New York, 1979), 1:637; Krogh Interview, August 20, 1986.

3.
John D. Feerick,
The Twenty-fifth Amendment
(New York, 1976); Birch Bayh,
One Heartbeat Away
(Indianapolis, 1968).

4.
Haldeman “Talking Paper,” January 8, 1973, Haldeman Papers, Box 179, NP; Gerald R. Ford,
A Time to Heal
(New York, 1979), 107–08; Nixon,
Memoirs
, 2:481–82; Chapin to Rose Mary Woods, October 15, 1973, NPF, Box 6, NP; Albert Interview, Capitol Hill Historical Society, 42–45; John D. Ehrlichman,
Witness to Power
(New York, 1982), 257.

5.
Larry Winn, Jr. to Nixon, McCloskey to Nixon, Ford to Nixon, October 11, 1973, Nixon Papers, Box 168, NP.

6.
Laird Interview, June 27, 1985; Ford,
A Time to Heal
, 103–04, 105; Henry A. Kissinger,
Years of Upheaval
(Boston, 1982), 514; Robert Sam Anson,
Exile: The Unquiet Oblivion of Richard Nixon
(New York, 1984), 39; Richard Reeves,
A Ford, Not a Lincoln
(New York, 1975), 42, 58.

7.
Ron Nessen,
It Sure Looks Different from the Inside
(New York, 1978), 4; David Frost,
“I Gave Them a Sword”: Behind the Scenes of the Nixon Interviews
(New York, 1978), 78.

8.
Time
, November 12, 1973.

9.
Jerald F. terHorst,
Gerald Ford and the Future of the Presidency
(New York, 1974), 127–28; Reeves,
Ford
, 31; Becker Interview, December 5, 1985; Dixon Interview, November 20, 1985.

10.
Hutchinson to Stephen Nisbet, October 29, 1973, Hutchinson to Mrs. Robert Beckwith, November 9, 1973, Hutchinson MS, FL; Dixon Interviews, November 20, 1985, January 24, 1986;
Nomination of Gerald R. Ford to be the Vice President of the United States
, Hearings, Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, 93 Cong., 1 Sess. (November 15, 16, 19–21, 26, 1973), 1–2, 5, 45, 49, 57–58, 91, 185–86, 329–67. Miscellaneous House Judiciary Committee documents courtesy of Steven Lynch, a former staff member.

11.
Reeves,
Ford
, 44;
NYT
, December 6, 1973; Ford,
A Time to Heal
, 108, 117.

12.
Bork Interview, June 17, 1987.

13.
“Chronology,” December 28, 1973, Garment MS, LC; Dent Interview, September 24, 1986; Mrs. J. F. Buzhardt Interview, September 25, 1986.