The Wars of Watergate (128 page)

11.
Ehrlichman Notes, July 26, 1972, Ehrlichman Papers, Box 6, NP; Nixon,
Memoirs
, 2:144.

12.
Nixon to Haldeman and Colson, June 6, 1972, Colson Papers, Box 19, NP.

13.
Haldeman Notes, July 10, August 17, September 6, 1972, Haldeman Papers, Box 46, NP; Ehrlichman Notes, July 6, July 11, July 20, 1972, Ehrlichman Notes, Box 12, NP; TT, Telephone Conversation, Shultz and Ehrlichman, August 25, 1972, Ehrlichman Papers, Box 28, NP. Nixon to Connally, July 24, 1972, Haldeman Papers, Box 162, NP.

14.
Haldeman Notes, July 20, August 16, September 11, October 29, October 30, November 1, 1972, Haldeman Papers, Box 46, NP; Ehrlichman Notes (re Rose Mary Woods and Baker), August 7, 1972, Ehrlichman Papers, Box 12, NP; Haldeman Notes, August 16, 1972, Box 46, NP. Theodore White had thanked Nixon for contributing to his book on the 1968 campaign and pledged full support to the President. White to Nixon, June 27, 1969, NPF, Box 188, NP.

15.
Joseph C. Spear,
Presidents and the Press: The Nixon Legacy
(Cambridge, MA, 1984), 178–183, 186; Timothy Crouse,
The Boys on the Bus
(paperback ed., New York, 1974), 272–73, 238–39, 270–71.

16.
Haldeman Memo, October 5, 1972, Haldeman Papers, Box 112, NP.

17.
Haldeman Notes, August 11, October 28, 1972, Haldeman Papers, Box 46, NP; Spear,
Presidents and the Press
, 179, 149–50;
Broadcasting
, October 30, 1972.

18.
Nixon,
Memoirs
, 2:292; 1:614–15.

19.
Los Angeles Times
, May 1, 1973, October 19, 1962;
WP
, August 20, 1973.

20.
The Senate Select Committee hearings exposed these operations. The best summary can be found in J. Anthony Lukas,
Nightmare: The Underside of the Nixon Years
(New York, 1976), Chs. 5 and 6. Gordon Strachan Interview, June 18, 1973, SSC Executive Records, NA.

21.
SSC,
Final Report
, 240–45.

22.
Donald Freed, “Gemstone—the Bottom Line,” in Steve Weissman (ed.),
Big Brother and the Holding Company
(Palo Alto, CA, 1974), 91–105.

23.
Arthur Kinoy,
Rights on Trial
(Cambridge, MA, 1983), Ch. 1; see Chapter V,
supra.

24.
Helms Interview, July 14, 1988; H. R. Haldeman,
The Ends of Power
(New York, 1978), 109, 25–27. Baker’s questions to Director Helms are in SSC,
Hearings
, 8:3266
ff.

25.
Nixon to Haldeman, May 18, 1972, Haldeman Papers, Box 162, NP.

26.
Haldeman,
Ends of Power
, 109, 133–35, 144–47, 159–60, 126.

27.
Hougan,
Secret Agenda
, 10–11, 18–19, 168–78, 211–12, 117–19, 220–23, 264. J. Anthony Lukas dissected and analyzed Hougan’s assumptions and hypotheses in a lengthy review:
NYT Book Review
, November 11, 1984, 7. When Charles Colson pled guilty on June 3, 1974, he charged that the CIA had “deliberately planted stories” accusing him of criminal involvement.

28.
Helms Interview, July 14, 1988; Vernon A. Walters,
Silent Missions
(New York, 1978),
588–89; Colby Interview, October 9, 1987; William Colby,
Honorable Men: My Life in the CIA
(New York, 1978), 321–28; Silbert Telephone Interview, September 30, 1988. Helms was unhappy with Walters’s implication that he himself had led the way in blocking White House efforts to have the CIA continue to hamper the FBI investigation when, in fact, he operated under clear orders from Helms. Dean corroborated this in SSC,
Hearings
, 3:945–49. Ironically, Mitchell, whom Nixon, Haldeman, and Ehrlichman had designated as the “fall guy,” believed that the CIA had some role in undermining the Administration in the Watergate affair. Mitchell Interview, December 30, 1987. See Chapter IX,
infra
, for a discussion of the CIA role in the cover-up.

29.
Colson Papers, Box 97, NP; Haldeman,
Ends of Power
, 19–20, 153–56;
NYT
, January 24, 1972; Haldeman Notes, July 31, 1972, Haldeman Papers, Box 46, NP; Ehrlichman Notes, August 7, 30, 1972, Ehrlichman Papers, Box 13, NP; Nixon to Haldeman, January 14, 1971, NPF, Box 3, NP; Haldeman to Dean, January 18, 1971, Haldeman Papers, Box 196, NP; John Dean,
Blind Ambition
(New York, 1976), 66; Lukas,
Nightmare
(1988 reprint), vii; Magruder Telephone Interview, December 16, 1987.

30.
Dean,
Blind Ambition
, 88, 97; Herbert Klein,
Making It Perfectly Clear
(New York, 1980), 329–30; Noah Dietrich and Bob Thomas,
Howard, The Amazing Mr. Hughes
(Greenwich, CT, 1977), 286; Michael Drosin,
Citizen Hughes
(New York, 1985), 417–34.

31.
Nixon to Haldeman, August 9, 1972, Haldeman Papers, Box 179, NP.

32.
G. Gordon Liddy,
Will
(New York, 1980), 237; McCord Testimony, SSC,
Hearings
, 1:164; Agnew remarks, National Press Club Transcript; Louise Gore to Elias Demetracopoulos, September 27, 1968 (courtesy of Mr. Demetracopoulos); Agnew Interview, January 14, 1989; Democratic National Committee, news release, October 31, 1968: “Nixon-Agnew-Pappas Relationships”;
Boston Globe
, October 31, 1968;
NYT
, October 16, 1968;
New York Daily News
, August 9, 1968;
London Sunday Times
, September 29, 1968. The KYP–CIA connection is discussed most recently in Christopher Simpson,
Blowback: The First Full Account of America’s Recruitment of Nazis, and its Disastrous Effect on Our Domestic and Foreign Policy
(New York, 1988), 280. Demetracopoulos Interview, May 5, 1987; Helms Interview, July 14, 1988; Kostas Tsimas, then Deputy Director, KYP, to Author, telephone conversation, January 5, 1987. “I have worked for the CIA anytime my help was requested,” Pappas told a Greek interviewer in 1968: Evans and Novak column,
Baltimore Sun
, July 16, 1975.

33.
FBI Director William Webster to Representative Don Edwards (D–CA), April 11, 1984 (courtesy of Mr. Demetracopoulos); Eliot Janeway,
Prescriptions for Prosperity
(New York, 1984), 42–43; Evans and Novak, quoting the Greek Ambassador,
WP
, September 3, 1979; Demetracopoulos Interview, May 5, 1987.

34.
Caulfield to Ehrlichman, October 3, 1969, Ehrlichman Papers, Box 30, NP;
Greece, Spain, and the Southern NATO Strategy
, Hearings, Subcommittee on Europe, Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, 92 Cong., 1 Sess., 64–71, 459–63;
Boston Globe
, November 13, 1971; Tasca to Rogers and Mitchell, July 26, 1971, State Department Files, Internal Security Division Memo, August 10, 1971, DOJ; Abshire to Senate Foreign Relations Committee Staff, November 3, 1971, Abshire to John Dean, December 29, 1971, with enclosures. (All documents courtesy of Mr. Demetracopoulos.)

35.
Demetracopoulos Interview, May 5, 1987; Jack Anderson,
WP
, February 12, 1975; Louise Gore to Demetracopoulos, January 24, 1972 (courtesy of Mr. Demetracopoulos).

36.
TT, the President and Haldeman, April 26, 1973 (8:55
A.M.
–10:04
A.M.
),
WP
, May 1, 1977; Raymond Bonner,
Waltzing with a Dictator: The Marcoses and the Making of American Foreign Policy
(New York, 1987), 14;
Washington Times
, January 19, 1988; Testimony of Dean, SSC,
Hearings
, 4:1402; TT, the President, Haldeman, and Dean, April 26, 1973,
WP
, May 1, 1977; HJC,
Testimony of Witnesses
, 2:48; TT, the President and Dean, March 21, 1973 (10:12
A.M.
–11:55
A.M.
),
U.S. v. M
, NA; Pappas File, WGSPF, NA, February
7, 22, 1974. These documents, supplied by the Author, also have been used by Christopher Hitchens,
Prepared for the Worst
(New York, 1988), 287–96, reprinting his essay “Watergate—the Greek Connection,”
The Nation
, May 31, 1986, 242:745, an account that offers the best extended treatment of this whole affair. Dean,
Blind Ambition
, 173–174.

37.
See Seymour Hersh,
The Price of Power
(New York, 1983), 138, for Tasca’s testimony; the transcript remains classified. Pappas and the Cyprus invasion are discussed in General Gregorios Bonanos,
The Truth
(Athens, 1986), 218. Kilpatrick in
Washington Star
, July 30, August 10, 1972.

38.
Nixon,
Memoirs
, 2:346–47, 363–64.

39.
See, for example, Sam Ervin,
The Whole Truth
(New York, 1980), 12; Silbert Diary;
Nomination of Earl J. Silbert to be United States Attorney
, Hearings, Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate, 93 Cong., 2 Sess. (April 23, 1974), 1:5–55.

40.
Office of Planning and Evaluation, “FBI Watergate Investigation,” 10–11, 13–19, 23–24, 41–45, 52–55, FBI Watergate Papers, offers a review of investigative events following the break-in. The report largely is self-serving, but nevertheless it is valuable as a guide to the investigative process. Other sources for this summary are in WFO to Gray, July 3, 1972; C. Bolz to Assistant Director Bates, July 3, 1972, FBI Watergate Papers; Richard Kleindienst,
Justice: The Memoirs of an Attorney General
(Ottawa, IL, 1985), 46.

1.
Haldeman Notes, September 11, 1972, Haldeman Papers, Box 46, NP;
WP
, September 16, 1972; Ehrlichman Notes, September 14, 1972, Ehrlichman Papers, Box 13, NP; TT, the President, Dean, and Haldeman, September 15, 1972 (5:24
P.M.
–6:17
P.M.
), HJC,
Statement of Information
, 3:370–71. The opening remarks between Nixon and Haldeman are taken from the House Judiciary Committee version; otherwise, I have followed the transcript prepared by the Special Prosecutor for use in
U.S. v. Mitchell.

2.
John Dean,
Blind Ambition
(New York, 1976), Ch. 1; William Safire,
Before the Fall
(New York, 1975), 471–72; Jeb Stuart Magruder,
An American Life
(New York, 1974), 108.

3.
Dean,
Blind Ambition
, 134; John Sirica,
To Set the Record Straight
(New York, 1979), 271; Richard Kleindienst,
Justice: The Memoirs of an Attorney General
(Ottawa, IL, 1985), 142–44; John D. Ehrlichman,
Witness to Power
(New York, 1982), 34–35. Dean ignored his firing by the law firm in
Lost Honor
(New York, 1982), 55.

4.
Griswold Interview, May 4, 1987; Clark R. Mollenhoff,
Game Plan for Disaster: An Ombudsman’s Report on the Nixon Years
(New York, 1976), 234; Santarelli Interview, August 26, 1987.

5.
Dean to Higby and Strachan, May 11, 1972, Dean Papers, Box 84, NP; Colson to Dean, September 1, 1971, Dean to Colson, September 8, 1971, Fred Fielding to Dean, November 16, 1971, Dean to Buchanan, November 16, 1971, Dean Papers, Box 97, NP; Dean,
Blind Ambition
, 38; Dean to Dell Publishing Company, November 27, 1972, Dean Papers, Box 6, NP; Dean to Elmer B. Staats, November 20, 1972, in
Executive Privilege, Secrecy in Government, Freedom of Information
, Hearings, Subcommittees on Separation of Powers and Administrative Practice and Procedure of the Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate, 93 Cong., 1 Sess. (April–May 1973), 1:129. Not without irony, the dust cover of Haldeman’s memoirs depicted the presidential seal.

6.
Dean,
Blind Ambition
, Ch. 2; Haldeman Interview, May 4, 1973, SSC Records, NA.

7.
Magruder Testimony, SSC,
Hearings
(June 14, 1973), 2:816; Magruder Talk, Hofstra Nixon Conference, November 20, 1987.

8.
Dean,
Blind Ambition
, Ch. 4; H. R. Haldeman,
The Ends of Power
(New York, 1978),
28–29; Gray Interview, July 18, 1973, Gray Witness File, WGSPF Records, NA; TT, Telephone Conversation, Ehrlichman to Robert Novak, August 28, 1972, and Melvin Laird, September 23, 1971, Ehrlichman Papers, Box 28, NP; Moore Interview, December 5, 1987; Mitchell Interview, April 11, 1988.

9.
Gray Interview, July 18, 1973, Gray Witness File, WGSPF Records, NA; Petersen Interview, August 23, 1985; Petersen Testimony, SSC,
Hearings
, 9:3613–15.

10.
Haldeman Notes, HJC,
Statement of Information
, 2:246; Haldeman,
Ends of Power
, 217–18, 17–18, 23.

11.
TT, the President and Haldeman, June 23, 1972 (10:04
A.M.
–11:39
A.M.
),
U.S. v. M
, NA; HJC,
Statement of Information
, Appendix III, 56, 65, 67.

12.
TT, the President and Haldeman, June 23, 1972 (1:04
P.M.
–1:13
P.M.
),
U.S. v. M
, NA; Haldeman,
Ends of Power
, 31–32; Richard Nixon,
RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon
(paperback ed., New York, 1979), 2:129.

13.
TT, the President and Haldeman June 23, 1972 (2:20
P.M.
–2:45
P.M.
),
U.S. v. M
, NA;
ibid.
, HJC,
Statement of Information
, Appendix III, 83. At General Walters’s confirmation hearings after his nomination as United Nations Ambassador during the Reagan Administration, the members of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee raised no questions regarding his CIA connections or the Watergate episode.

14.
Helms Interview, July 14, 1988; Gray Interview, July 18, 1973, Gray Witness File, WGSPF Records, NA.

15.
Ehrlichman Notes, June 23, 1972, Ehrlichman Papers, Box 12, NP.

16.
“CIA Chronology,” Statement of Patrick Gray, Gray Witness File, WGSPF Records, NA; Dean Testimony, SSC,
Hearings
, 3:945–48;
Inquiry into the Alleged Involvement of the Central Intelligence Agency in the Watergate and Ellsberg Matters
, Hearings, Special Subcommittee on Intelligence of the Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, 93 Cong., 1 Sess. (October 23, 1973), 15–17; SSC,
Final Report
, 39; Memorandum, Gerald Goldman to Richard Ben-Veniste (January 10, 1974), “Evidence of Haldeman’s Participation in the Conspiracy to Obstruct Justice,” Haldeman Witness File, WGSPF Records, NA; Ehrlichman Notes, July 6, 7, 8, 1972, Ehrlichman Papers, Box 12, NP; David Frost,
“I Gave Them a Sword”: Behind the Scenes of the Nixon Interviews
(New York, 1978), 226.