The Wars of Watergate (126 page)

25.
Transmittal of Documents from the National Security Council to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
, Hearings, Committee on Armed Services, U.S. Senate, 93 Cong., 2 Sess. (February 6, 20, 21 March 7, 1974); Moorer Interview, June 25, 1985; Welander “Confession,” in Ehrlichman Papers, Box 6, NP; Laird Interview, June 27, 1985; Nixon,
Memoirs
, 1:660; Ehrlichman,
Witness to Power
, 302–08; Raymond L. Garthoff,
Detente and Confrontation: American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan
(Washington, D.C., 1985), 410; Ehrlichman Notes, January 5, 6, 1972, Ehrlichman Papers, Box 6, NP; Nixon to Kissinger, November 12, 1971, Haldeman Papers, Box 140, NP. (The President preferred to talk about national-defense matters to Moorer without Laird present.)

26.
Mitchell Interview, April 11, 1988; Ehrlichman Notes, December 23, 1971, January 5, 6, 1972, Ehrlichman Papers, Box 6, NP; Henry Ruth to Carl Feldbaum, October 7, 1975, SP Files: Jack Anderson, WGSPF Records, NA; Symington in Committee on Armed Services,
Transmittal of Documents
, 6; Hougan,
Secret Agenda
, xviii; Joseph C. Spear,
Presidents and the Press: The Nixon Legacy
(Cambridge, MA, 1984), 135; Ehrlichman,
Witness to Power
, 305; Kissinger,
Years of Upheaval
, 807–09. The “blackmail” incident is described in a memo, Richard Tufaro to Leonard Garment, May 14, 1973, and other memos, furnished by Mr. Garment. Nixon later expressed outright contempt for the Pentagon’s handling of the Vietnam war. Richard Nixon,
No More Vietnams
(New York, 1985).

27.
NYT
, May 11, 1973, 1, 18, 19; Nixon,
Memoirs
, 1:478–479; Kissinger,
Years of Upheaval
, 115–16.

28.
William Sullivan to J. Edgar Hoover, Gray/Wiretap Investigation, Martin Files, WGSPF Records, NA. Transcripts exist of a Kissinger “spy” reporting on Haig’s activities.

29.
Martin to the Files, October 10, 1975, WGSPF Records, NA; Sullivan to Hoover, May 20, 1969, Gray/Wiretap Investigation, Young Witness File, Plumbers Task Force, WGSPF Records, NA; Powers,
Secrecy and Power
, 444–48;
NYT
, May 15, 16, 17, 1973; Nixon,
Memoirs
, 1:481; Clarence M. Kelley,
The Story of an FBI Director
(Kansas City, 1987), 155;
WP
, August 6, 1977.

30.
Dent to Mitchell, June 17, 1969, Dent Papers, Box 1, NP; Caulfield to Ehrlichman, June 20, 1969, Krogh Papers, Box 66, NP; Butterfield to Krogh, June 6, 1970, Krogh Papers, Box 14, NP.

31.
Christopher Pyle, “Military Surveillance of Civilian Politics, 1967–1970.” Ph.D. Dissertation, Columbia University, 1974.

32.
Federal Data Banks, Computers, and the Bill of Rights
, Hearings, Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate, 92 Cong., 1 Sess. (February–March 1971), 597–624, 849–914;
ibid.
, Army Regulation No. 381–115 (Delimitations Agreement), July 2, 1969, 1172–75.

33.
Laird v. Tatum
, 408 U.S. 1 (1972). Rehnquist’s refusal to disqualify himself is in 409 U.S. 829 (1972). The later revelations of Rehnquist’s role, and its ethical implications, are discussed in the
Los Angeles Times
, September 5, 1986, and in a letter from Yale Law Professor Geoffrey C. Hazard, Jr., to Senator Charles Mathias, September 8, 1986. Copy provided by Professor Hazard.

34.
John T. Eliff,
Crime, Dissent, and the Attorney General: The Justice Department in the 1960’s
(Beverly Hills, CA, 1971), 206–37.

35.
United States v. United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan
, 407 U.S. 297 (1972). Arguments are in Records and Briefs. The Circuit Court’s ruling is in 444 F. 2d 651 (6th Circ. 1971). Griswold Interview, May 4, 1987. The lead defense lawyer, Arthur Kinoy, has written an invaluable account of the proceedings:
Rights on Trial: Odyssey
of a People’s Lawyer
(Cambridge, 1983), Ch. 1. Ehrlichman Notes, June 20, 1972, Ehrlichman Papers, Box 6, NP. Attorney General Kleindienst claimed that he promptly terminated all wiretaps that conflicted with the Court’s ruling. He also said that similarly unauthorized programs had existed for twenty-six years.
NYT
, June 20, 22, 1972. Judge Keith rendered a landmark school-desegregation decision involving housing patterns:
Davis v. School District of Pontiac
, 309 F. Supp. 734 (E. D. Mich. 1970).

1.
Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.,
A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House
(Boston, 1965), 712; Rowland Evans, Jr., and Robert D. Novak,
Nixon in the White House
(New York, 1971), 105–110.

2.
Richard Nixon,
RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon
(paperback ed., New York, 1979), 1:512.

3.
Dwight D. Eisenhower,
Mandate for Change, 1953–1956
(New York, 1963), 565; Nixon,
Memoirs
, 1:515–17.

4.
Dwight D. Eisenhower,
Waging Peace, 1956–1961
(New York, 1965), 479, 37, 45, 272; Nixon,
Memoirs
, 1:559.

5.
Nixon to Colson and Haldeman, January 28, 1972, NPF, Box 3, NP; Richard J. Whalen,
Catch the Falling Flag: A Republican’s Challenge to His Party
(Boston, 1972), 254.

6.
James MacGregor Burns,
The Deadlock of Democracy
(Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1963).

7.
Richard Nixon,
A New Road for America
(New York, 1972), 519–46.

8.
Ibid.
, 519–20;
NYT
, September 11, 1970, Nixon,
Memoirs
, 1:608.

9.
Alexander Bickel, “Watergate and the Legal Order,” in Lawrence M. Friedman and Stewart Macauley (eds.),
Law and Behavioral Sciences
(2d ed., New York, 1977), 227.

10.
Nixon to Ehrlichman, March 13, 1969, NPF, Box 1, NP; Butterfield to Charles Wilkinson, July 16, 1969, Dent Papers, Box 1, NP.

11.
The best historical survey of impoundment is in Louis Fisher, “Impoundment of Funds: Uses and Abuses,” 23 Buffalo Law Review 141–70 (1973). Also useful for many of the official quotations that follow is the compilation prepared by the House Judiciary Committee during the Impeachment Inquiry: HJC,
Statement of Information
, Book 12.

12.
Louis Fisher,
Constitutional Conflicts Between Congress and the President
(Princeton, NJ, 1985), 236;
Opinions of Attorneys General
(February 25, 1967), 42:347–56.

13.
James L. Sundquist,
The Decline and Resurgence of Congress
(Washington, D.C., 1981), 204–06.

14.
Dapray Muir to John Dean, June 23, 1971, Dean Papers, Box 39, NP.

15.
Sundquist,
Decline and Resurgence of Congress
, 206–07. See
Executive Impoundment of Appropriated Funds
, Hearings, Subcommittee on Separations of Powers, Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate, 92 Cong., 1 Sess. (March 1971).

16.
Ehrlichman Notes, October 18, 1972, Ehrlichman Papers, Box 13, NP; “Impoundment of Appropriated Funds,” Ad Hoc Subcommittee of Government Operations and Judiciary Committees, U.S. Senate, 93 Cong., 1 Sess. (January 30, 1973), 363, 369, 381, 839–841 (Sneed).

17.
Ehrlichman Notes, February 28, 1973, Ehrlichman Papers, Box 28, NP.

18.
HJC,
Statement of Information
, 12:88–91. The Supreme Court unanimously held some impoundments improper in
Train v. City of New York
, 420 U.S. 35 (1975). The Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 is discussed in Chapter XXI,
infra.

19.
Peri Arnold,
Making the Managerial Presidency
(Princeton, 1986), 272–73. Richard P. Nathan,
The Plot That Failed: Nixon and the Administrative Presidency
(New York, 1975),
offered a shrewd assessment by a scholar-participant of Nixon’s plans to weaken the decision-making power of the bureaucracy and correspondingly to focus it in the White House or in state and local governments.

20.
Advisory Council on Executive Organization to Nixon, August 20, 1969, File Group PACEO, NCF, NP.

21.
William Safire,
Before the Fall
(New York, 1975), 261–62; Garment Interview, May 29, 1985; Ken Cole to John Ehrlichman, June 15, 1971, Ehrlichman Papers, Box 57, NP; Cabinet Meeting, January 18, 1971, Executive Reorganization File, NCF, Box 34, NP.

22.
Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1970
, Hearings, U.S. Senate, Committee on Government Operations, U.S. Senate, 91 Cong., 2 Sess.; Evans and Novak,
Nixon in the White House
, 240; Harold Seidman,
Politics, Position, and Power: The Dynamics of Federal Organization
(New York, 1975), 74; A. James Reichley,
Conservatives in an Age of Change
(Washington, D.C., 1981), 239; Arnold,
Making the Managerial Presidency
, 283. The Nixon Central Files have the extensive working and final papers of the Ash Commission, some of which appear in public documents.

23.
Arnold,
Making the Managerial Presidency
, 285–86; Reichley,
Conservatives in an Age of Change
, 238–41; Nathan,
The Plot That Failed, passim.

24.
Arnold,
Making the Managerial Presidency
, 300.

25.
Charles L. Clapp to Egil Krogh, March 4, 1971, PACEO, NCF, NP.

26.
Barry D. Karl, “The Nixon Fault,”
Reviews in American History
(June 1979), 7:143, 151; Arnold,
Making the Managerial Presidency
, 301–02; Joel D. Aberbach and Bert A. Rockman, “Clashing Beliefs Within the Executive Branch,”
American Political Science Review
, July 1976, 70:456–68.

27.
Roy P. Basler (ed.),
The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln
(New Brunswick, NJ, 1953), 2:495.

28.
Fortas Interview, April 27, 1967, Fred Graham MS, LC; Bruce Allen Murphy,
Fortas: The Rise and Ruin of a Supreme Court Justice
(New York, 1988); Robert Shogan,
A Question of Judgment: The Fortas Case and the Struggle for the Supreme Court
(Indianapolis, IN, 1972).

29.
Lyndon B. Johnson,
The Vantage Point: Perspectives of the Presidency
, 1963–1969 (New York, 1971), 545–46; Murphy,
Fortas
, 234–304.

30.
Warren Interview, September 23, 1968, Fred Graham MS, LC; Nixon,
Memoirs
, 1:518.

31.
Stewart Interview, April 18, 1970, Fred Graham MS, LC.

32.
James F. Simon,
In His Own Image: The Supreme Court in Richard Nixon’s America
(New York, 1973), 76–92, has a good summary of Burger’s court and public writings before 1969; Nixon,
Memoirs
, 1:519.

33.
PPPUS:RN, 1969
, 391–96;
NYT
, July 1, 1972. The idea of broad construction has its roots in Madison’s
Federalist
44: “No axiom is more clearly established in law, or in reason, that whenever a general power to do a thing is given, every particular power necessary for doing it is included.” The principle gave a cue for John Marshall.

34.
Murphy,
Fortas
, 568–71; Petersen Interview, December 24, 1969, Fred Graham MS, LC; Petersen Telephone Interview, May 6, 1987; Burger to Nixon, May 8, 1969, Executive FG-51, Supreme Court, NCF, NP.

35.
Buchanan to Nixon, May 6, 1969, Executive FG-51, Supreme Court, NCF, NP.

36.
Dent to Tom Charles Huston, June 16, 1969, Dent Papers, Box 5, NP. Simon,
In His Own Image
, 105–12, offers a fair summary of Haynesworth’s voting record.

37.
Nyle Jackson to Dent, October 24, Dent Papers, Box 6, NP; Nixon to Brooke, October 2, 1969, FG-51, Supreme Court, NCF, NP; Nixon,
Memoirs
, 521.

38.
Kirk to Nixon, May 31, 1969, NPF, Box 188, NP; “Tentative Plan: Carswell Nomination,” March 18, 1970, Dent Papers, Box 11, NP.

39.
George Harrold Carswell
, Hearings, Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate, 91 Cong., 2 Sess. (January 29, February 2, 1970), 114, 238–39, 240–42;
PPPUS:RN, 1970
, January 30, 1970, 39; Ehrlichman Notes, March 26, 1970, Ehrlichman Papers, Box 10, NP.

40.
PPPPUS:RN, 1970
, 345; Simon,
In His Own Image
, 99–101; Evans and Novak,
Nixon
, 165–72. Safire,
Before the Fall
, 269–71, has an interesting account of the President’s reaction, crediting him with adding the inflammatory language about the Senate. On June 30, 1987, President Reagan’s Chief of Staff and Attorney General met with four senators to discuss a list of possible nominees for a Supreme Court vacancy.

41.
Dole to Nixon, April 14, 1970, FG-51, Supreme Court, NCF, NP; Nixon to Haldeman, April 13, 1970, NPF, Box 2, NP; Stewart Interview, April 18, 1970, Fred Graham MS, LC.

42.
Jerald F. terHorst,
Gerald Ford and the Future of the Presidency
(New York, 1974), 123–25;
Nomination of Gerald R. Ford to be Vice President
, Hearings, Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, 93 Cong., 1 Sess. (November 15–26, 1973), 619; Becker Interview, December 5, 1985, and Becker to Author, March 28, 1986; Harlow to William Timmons, June 2, 1970, Executive FG-51, Supreme Court, NCF, NP; Murphy,
Fortas
, 579; Athan G. Theoharis and John Stuart Cox,
The Boss: J. Edgar Hoover and the Great American Inquisition
(Philadelphia, 1988), 406; Hoover to Mitchell, August 17, 1970, Douglas Impeachment, FBI Files.

43.
Congressional Record
(April 15, 1970), 116:11912–17;
Legal Materials on Impeachment
, Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, 91 Cong., 2 Sess. (August 11, 1970).

44.
Krogh to Ehrlichman, September 24, 1971, Young Papers, Box 17, NP; questionnaire dated October 13, 1971, in FG-51, Supreme Court, NCF, NP. John Ehrlichman,
Witness to Power
(New York, 1982), 122–39, discussed Supreme Court appointments and stated that the President wanted Ehrlichman to supervise nominations—to take on “the added burden of being Mitchell’s keeper,” as Ehrlichman sarcastically stated. Given the way the Nixon White House worked, Ehrlichman had Krogh devise a plan that Ehrlichman probably then presented to the President—as if it were Nixon’s own idea.