The Wars of Watergate (125 page)

23.
Walter Hickel,
Who Owns America
? (Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1971), 221–22; Magruder,
An American Life
, 11; Ehrlichman,
Witness to Power
, 100–01; Finch Interview, March 4, 1987. John Dean’s memo of October 3, 1970, has reference to an internal investigation of Hickel. Dean Papers, Box 39, NP.

24.
Henry Kissinger,
White House Years
(Boston, 1979), 47.

25.
James Keogh to the President, March 31, 1969, Buchanan to the President, April 1, 1969, both FG-6–11–1, NCF, NP; Cole to Ehrlichman, March 31, 1969, JL-3–1, NP.

26.
Nixon,
Memoirs
, 1:435–38; Safire,
Before the Fall
, 284; Evans and Novak,
Nixon
, 35; Safire to Nixon, November 11, 1970, copy in Garment MS, LC.

27.
Nixon,
Memoirs
, 1:447–48, 423; Moynihan to Nixon, January 3, 1969, Box 163, Haldeman Papers, NP; Magruder,
An American Life
, 78–81; Kenneth Cole to White House
Staff, July 11, 1969, Krogh Papers, Box 63, NP; Nixon to Haldeman, June 16, 1969, Box 1, NPF, NP.

28.
Butterfield to Klein and Bryce Harlow, June 11, 1969, Krogh Papers, Box 63, NP.

29.
John C. Whitaker to Ehrlichman, June 14, 1971; Ken Cole to Ehrlichman, June 15, 1971; Ehrlichman to Haldeman, July 8, 1971, Ehrlichman Papers, Box 57, NP.

30.
Safire,
Before the Fall
, 219–20.

31.
Haldeman Notes, October 6, 1971, Haldeman Papers, Box 44, NP. Memos in NPF, NP: Nixon to Haldeman, January 18, 1971, Box 3;
ibid.
, June 28, 1971, Box 3;
ibid.
, March 2, 1970, Box 2; memos of January 14, 1971, to Haldeman and Ehrlichman, Box 3; Nixon to Haldeman, November 24, 1969, Box 1;
ibid.
, December 1, 1970, Box 2; Nixon to Ehrlichman, February 4, 1969, Box 1;
ibid.
, January 14, 1971, Box 3; Nixon to Haldeman, January 18, 1971, Box 3;
ibid.
, June 1, 1971, Box 3.

32.
Nixon to Haldeman, March 1, 1971, NPF, Box 3, NP; Colson to Haldeman, March 8, 1971, Haldeman Papers, Box 169, NP; President’s Staff Dinner, Blair House, March 8, 1971, Audio Tape, White House Communications Agency Collection, NP.

33.
Garment to Ehrlichman, April 1, 1971, Garment MS, LC.

34.
Haldeman Notes, October 5, 1971, Haldeman Papers, Box 44, NP; TT, the President, Ehrlichman, and Shultz, April 19, 1971, (3:03
P.M.
–3:34
P.M.
),
Statement of Information
, Hearings, Committee on the Judiciary, H.R., 93 Cong., 2 Sess. (May-June 1974), 5:330–31. Hereafter cited as HJC,
Statement of Information.
Ehrlichman Notes, March 9, 1973, Box 14, Ehrlichman Papers, NP; Earl Mazo,
Richard Nixon: A Political and Personal Portrait
(New York, 1959), 36; Nixon,
Memoirs
, 1:31–33; William Costello,
The Facts About Nixon: An Unauthorized Biography
(New York, 1960), 30. In his 1973 conversation with Ehrlichman, Nixon was speaking of a Small Business Administration official who had mishandled a project and subsequently was demoted. But the remarks also occurred in the context of the President’s determination to thwart the policies of the Anti-Trust Division for his own political purposes.

35.
Dent,
The Prodigal South
, 188–89; Richard Nathan,
The Plot That Failed
(New York, 1975), 83; Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.,
A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House
(Boston, 1966), 413, 415, 431, 681, 683.

36.
Washington Star-News
, August 2, 1973; Haig to John Brown, May 13, 1970, Clark Mollenhoff to Nixon, May 8, 1970, Box 116, SSF, NP; Nixon to Haldeman, Kissinger, Ehrlichman, and Shultz, February 8, 1971, NPF, Box 3, NP.

37.
Ehrlichman to Nixon, February 16, 1972, NPF, Box 3, NP.

38.
Hodgson,
All Things to All Men
, 103–04, 106–07.

39.
The basic story of the Huston Plan is in
Intelligence Activities, Volume 2, Huston Plan
, Hearings, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, U.S.S., 94 Cong., 1 Sess. (September 23–25, 1975). Richard Gid Powers,
Secrecy and Power: The Life of J. Edgar Hoover
(New York, 1986), Ch. 13, has an excellent account of the Nixon-Hoover relationship, and specifically discusses the Huston Plan, 450–64, as do Athan G. Theoharis and John Stuart Cox,
The Boss: J. Edgar Hoover and the Great American Inquisition
(Philadelphia, 1988), 417–22. Nixon,
Memoirs
, 1:583–89; Ehrlichman,
Witness to Power
, 156–67; Dean,
Blind Ambition
, 37.

40.
Helms Interview, July 14, 1988; Huston to Krogh, February 20, 1970; Krogh to Haldeman, February 23, 1970; Huston to Krogh, March 25, April 2, 3, 1970, Krogh Papers, Box 14, NP; Huston Interview, September 2, 1988.

41.
SSC,
Hearings
, 3:937; Huston Interview, September 1, 1988; Helms Interview, July 14, 1988.

42.
Ehrlichman to Hoover, April 14, 1969, Hoover to Ehrlichman, April 28, 1969. Chotiner File, FBI.

43.
Loch K. Johnson,
A Season of Inquiry: The Senate Intelligence Investigation
(Lexington,
KY, 1985), 85; William C. Sullivan,
The Bureau: My Thirty Years in Hoover’s FBI
(New York, 1979), 211–16; Neil J. Welch and David W. Marston,
Inside Hoover’s FBI: The Top Field Chief Reports
(New York, 1984), 153; Dean,
Blind Ambition
, 37.

44.
Helms Interview, July 14, 1988; Huston Interview, September 1, 1988; Liddy to Krogh, October 22, 1971, Young Papers, Box 21, NP; Ehrlichman Notes, December 18, 1972, Box 13, Ehrlichman Papers, NP; Nixon’s version of his presidential relationship and dealings with Hoover are in his
Memoirs
, 2:70–76; Carl Stern Report (based on Nixon Papers), NBC News, February 12, 1987; Johnson,
Season of Inquiry
, 293. Sullivan,
The Bureau
, 199, raises the possibility of Hoover’s blackmailing of Nixon. Nixon’s concern for Sullivan’s silence is in Ehrlichman Notes, October 25, 1971, Box 5, Ehrlichman Papers, NP.

45.
Ehrlichman,
Witness to Power
, 167–68.

46.
Sullivan,
The Bureau
, 217; Senate Select Committee on Intelligence Activities,
Hearings
, 2:32, 45; Ovid Demaris,
The Director: An Oral Biography of J. Edgar Hoover
(New York, 1975), 251, 304; Johnson,
Season of Inquiry
, 86.

47.
TT, the President and Dean, February 28, 1973 (9:12
A.M.
–10:23
A.M.
),
Transcripts of Eight Recorded Presidential Conversations
, Committee on the Judiciary, H.R., 93 Cong., 2 Sess. (May-June 1974), 28.

1.
Nixon Notes, November 28, 1970, December 6, 1970, NPF, Box 186, NP.

2.
“Six Month Compilation of Activities,” Caulfield to Ehrlichman, October 8, 1969, Krogh Papers, Box 6, NP; Caulfield to Ehrlichman, September 10, 1969, Ehrlichman Papers, Box 20, NP; Ehrlichman to Dent, April 17, 1969, Dent Papers, Box 1, NP; John D. Ehrlichman,
Witness to Power
(New York, 1982), 292. Caulfield himself described his extensive activities in a series of interviews with the Special Prosecutor in 1973. Interviews, July 2, 18, 25, October 17, November 29, 1973, Caulfield Witness File and Henry Ruth Files, WGSPF Records, NA.

3.
Dean Memorandum, “Dealing With Our Political Enemies,” August 16, 1971; Colson to Dean, September 9, 1971; Dean to Larry Higby, September 14, 1971, in SSC,
Hearings
, 4:1689–98; Dean Testimony,
ibid.
(June 28, 1973), 4:1527, 1529. Butterfield to Dean, October 6, 1972, Dean Papers, Box 6, NP.

4.
Colson in HJC,
Testimony of Witnesses
(July 16, 1974), 3:453; “Blacklist,” Box 38, Colson Papers, NP; see, for example, memoranda of Lyn Nofziger (April 21, 1971), Joan Gordon (March 9, 1971), Tom Huston (January 25, 1971), Colson (August 27, 1970, December 17, 1970).

5.
J. Anthony Lukas,
Nightmare: The Underside of the Nixon Years
(New York, 1976), 12–18; Dean Testimony, SSC
Hearings
; 3:1073–74, 4:1529; John Dean,
Blind Ambition
(New York, 1976), 316; Robert Pack,
Edward Bennett Williams: For the Defense
(New York, 1983), 14–15; Nixon in
Newsweek
, April 16, 1984, 37. “I want Moe Annenberg for dinner,” FDR told his Treasury Secretary, regarding an income-tax prosecution of an unfriendly newspaper publisher. Ted Morgan,
FDR: A Biography
(New York, 1985), 555–56.

6.
Final Report
, Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, U.S. Senate, 93 Cong., 2 Sess., 135–43. Hereafter cited as SSC,
Final Report.
Dean and Colson’s various notes on the subject are in Dean Papers, Box 30, NP; Caulfield to Dean, September 30, 1971,
ibid.
; Clark Mollenhoff Interview, November 27, 1973, Plumbers Task Force, WGSPF Records, NA.

7.
Fred Fielding to Dean, September 9, 1971, Dean Papers, Box 30, NP; IRS Talking Paper, prepared by Dean for Haldeman, SSC,
Hearings
, 4:1382, Exhibit 44, 1682–85.

8.
Ehrlichman Notes, August 3, 1972, Ehrlichman Papers, Box 12,
ibid.
, December 7, 1972, Box 13, NP.

9.
TT, The President and Haldeman, May 5, 1971, printed in
NYT
, September 24, 1981 (story by Seymour Hersh). The transcript is an apparently rough one, but points very clearly to a much seamier conversation on the full tape recording.

10.
Richard Nixon,
RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon
(paperback ed., New York, 1979), 1:478; H. R. Haldeman,
The Ends of Power
(New York, 1978), 11–12; Colson’s remark is in Lukas,
Nightmare
, 71.

11.
Caulfield to Haldeman, February 11, 1971, Ehrlichman Papers, Box 30, NP.

12.
Colson to Ehrlichman, July 22, 1971, Ehrlichman Papers, Box 17, NP; Colson to Ehrlichman, July 16, 1971, Colson Papers, Box 7, NP.

13.
Haldeman Notes, September 18, 1971, Haldeman Papers, Box 44, NP; Nixon,
Memoirs
, 1:629; Sanford Ungar,
The Papers and the Papers
(New York, 1975), 27; Laird’s and Nixon’s comments are in Ehrlichman’s Handwritten Notes, HJC,
Statement of Information
, Appendix III:106, 108; Leslie H. Gelb, “Today’s Lessons from the Pentagon Papers,”
Life
, September 17, 1971;
NYT
, January 17, 1971.

14.
Nixon,
Memoirs
, 629–34; Henry Kissinger,
Years of Upheaval
(Boston, 1979), 116–17; Ehrlichman Notes, August 11, 1971, Ehrlichman Papers, Box 12, NP.

15.
New York Times Co. v. U.S.
, 403 U.S. 713 (1971); Griswold Interview, May 4, 1987.

16.
Caulfield Testimony, SSC,
Hearings
, 22:10356–61; Dean,
Blind Ambition
, 44–49; Ehrlichman,
Witness to Power
, 403; Dean to Krogh, July 27, 1971, Dean Papers, Box 30, NP.

17.
Nixon,
Memoirs
, 1:635–36; Kissinger,
Years of Upheaval
, 115–16; Nixon to Ehrlichman in Haldeman,
Ends of Power
, 112; Dent Interview, September 24, 1986; Krogh Statement to the Court, January 24, 1974; Krogh Interview, August 20, 1986.

18.
WP
, December 8, 1972; Krogh Testimony,
Nominations: January 1973
, Hearings, Committee on Commerce, U.S. Senate, 93 Cong., 1 Sess. (January 11, 1973), 74–90; Ehrlichman Testimony, SSC,
Hearings
, 6:2529.

19.
Colson to Ehrlichman, July 22, 1971, Ehrlichman Papers, Box 17, NP.

20.
Helms Interview, July 14, 1988; Krogh’s affidavit is discussed in
Nomination of Elliot L. Richardson to be Attorney General
, Hearings, Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate, 93 Cong., 1 Sess. (May 22, 1973), 244–46; Krogh’s more formal statement to the District Court came on January 24, 1974. Krogh Interview, August 20, 1986. Ehrlichman,
Witness to Power
, 399–407; Haldeman,
Ends of Power
, 114, raises the distinct possibility that the President authorized the break-in. Ehrlichman Notes, May 2, 1973, Ehrlichman Papers, Box 14, NP; HJC,
Testimony of Witnesses
, 3:54; Nixon’s versions of events can be found in Nixon,
Memoirs
, 1:637, and in the account of his 1977 television interviews, described by David Frost, “
I Gave Them a Sword”: Behind the Scenes of the Nixon Interviews
(New York, 1978), 281
ff.

21.
Jaworski Memoir, 5:936–37, Jaworski MS, Baylor University; William Merrill to Edward Soden, December 17, 1973,
ibid.
(re Krogh and Liddy); Ehrlichman-Richardson Telephone Conversation, April 30, 1973, Summary in Richardson MS, LC; Young’s statements and Richardson’s conclusions are in Elliot Richardson’s Notes, May 1, 1973, Administrative Files, WGSPF, NA; Richardson to Assistant Attorney General Petersen, April 25, 1973, Richardson MS, LC; Ehrlichman to Colson, August 27, 1971, Ehrlichman Papers, Box 57, NP. Howard Hunt’s grand jury testimony was released on May 4, 1973, and detailed the operational side of events;
NYT
, May 5, 1973. General Robert Cushman’s testimony described the CIA’s connection: SSC,
Hearings
, 8:3289–3311.

22.
Jim Hougan,
Secret Agenda: Watergate, Deep Throat and the CIA
(New York, 1984), 65–76, attached significant importance to the affair.

23.
Athan G. Theoharis and John Cox,
The Boss: J. Edgar Hoover and the Great American Inquisition
(Philadelphia, 1988), 417; Krogh Interview, August 20, 1986.

24.
Moorer Interview, June 25, 1985; Elmo R. Zumwalt, Jr.,
On Watch
(New York, 1976), xiv.