38. Kendall Haven,
One Hundred Greatest Science Discoveries of All Time
(Westport, CT: Libraries Unlimited, 2007), 221.
39. Lydia Nenow, “To Patent or Not to Patent: The European Union’s New Biotech Directive,”
Houston Journal of International Law
23(3) (2001): 25, http://www.thefreelibrary.com/To
+patent+or+not+to+patent%3A+the+European+Union’s+new+biotech . . . -a075908314 (accessed November 7, 2013).
Chapter 11
1. William Henry Gates III, “An Open Letter to Hobbyists,” February 3, 1976, http://www.blink
enlights.com/classiccmp/gateswhine.html (accessed February 3, 2014).
2. “What Is Free Software?,” GNU Project–Free Software Foundation, June 18, 2013, http://www
.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html (accessed June 26, 2013).
3. Ibid.
4. C. Arvind Kumar,
Welcome to the ‘Free’ World: A Free Software Initiative
(Hyderabad: Indian Universities Press, 2011), 28.
5. Lawrence Lessig, “Code Is Law: On Liberty in Cyberspace,”
Harvard Magazine,
January-February 2000, http://harvardmagazine.com/2000/01/code-is-law-html (accessed June 13, 2013).
6. Eben Moglen, “Anarchism Triumphant: Free Software and the Death of Copyright,”
First Monday
4(8) (August 2, 1999), http://pear.accc.uic.edu/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/684/594 (June 10, 2013).
7. Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols, “Fast, Faster, Fastest: Linux Rules Supercomputing,”
ZD Net,
June 19, 2012, http://www.zdnet.com/blog/open-source/fast-faster-fastest-linux-rules-supercomputing/
11263 (accessed June 13, 2013); Roger Parloff, “How Linux Conquered the Fortune 500,” CNN Money, May 6, 2013, http://money.cnn.com/2013/05/06/technology/linux-500.pr.fortune/ (accessed November 13, 2013).
8. Moglen, “Anarchism Triumphant.”
9. Ibid.
10. “History of the OSI,” Open Source Initiative, September 2012, http://opensource.org/history (accessed June 13, 2013).
11. Richard Stallman, “Why ‘Open Source’ Misses the Point of Free Software,”
Communications of the ACM
52(6) (2009): 31.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid., 33.
14. Eric Steven Raymond, “The Cathedral and the Bazaar,” UnderStone.net, August 22, 2001 http://www.unterstein.net/su/docs/CathBaz.pdf (accessed June 13, 2013).
15. Jeremy Rifkin,
The Empathic Civilization
(New York: Penguin Books, 2009), 266.
16. Elizabeth L. Eisenstein,
The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), 95.
17. Lawrence Lessig, “Culture Wars: Getting to Peace,” in
Copyright Future Copyright Freedom: Marking the 40th Anniversary of the Commencement of Australia’s Copyright Act of 1968,
ed. Brian Fitzgerald and Benedict Atkinson (Sydney: Sydney University Press, 2011), 116.
18. “ICT Facts and Figures: The World in 2013,” ICT Data and Statistics Division of the International Telecommunication Union, February 2013, http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics
/Documents/facts/ICTFactsFigures2013.pdf (accessed June 20, 2013).
19. Lawrence Lessig, “Getting Our Values around Copyright Rights,”
Educause Review
45(2) (March/April 2010): 36.
20. Ibid.
21. “History,” Creative Commons, June 2013, http://creativecommons.org/about/history, (accessed June 13, 2013).
22. “200 Million Creative Commons Photos and Counting!,” Flickr, October 5, 2011, http://blog
.flickr.net/en/2011/10/05/200-million-creative-commons-photos-and-counting (accessed June 26, 2013).
23. Dara Kerr, “YouTube breaks records with 4M Creative Commons Videos,” CNET, July 25, 2012, http://news.cnet.com/8301-1023_3-57480300-93/youtube-breaks-records-with-4m-creative
-commons-videos/ (accessed June 23, 2013).
24. “History,” Creative Commons.
25. “Personal Genome Project—Homepage,” Personal Genome Project, 2013, http://www.personal
genomes.org/ (accessed June 23, 2013).
26. Ibid.; David Ewing Duncan, “On a Mission to Sequence the Genomes of 100,000 People,”
New York Times,
June 7, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/08/science/08church.html (accessed November 13, 2013).
27. “Sharing Policies,” Personal Genome Project, 2013, http://www.personalgenomes.org/sharing (accessed June 23, 2013).
28. Lessig, “Getting Our Values around Copyright Rights,” 42.
29. James Boyle, “The Second Enclosure Movement and the Construction of the Public Domain,”
Law and Contemporary Problems
66(33) (2003): 37.
30. Ibid., 40
31. Ibid., 48.
32. Nicholas Polunin and Jacques Grinevald, “Vernadsky and Biosphere Ecology,”
Environmental Conservation
15(2) (Summer 1988): 117–122.
33. Ibid.
34. James E. Lovelock and Lynn Margulis, “Atmospheric Homeostasis By and For the Biosphere: The Gaia Hypothesis,”
Tellus
26 (1–2) (1974): 2–10.
35. Geoffrey Lean, “Focus: Trade Wars–The Hidden Tentacles of the World’s Most Secret Body,”
Independent,
July 18, 1999, http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/focus-trade-wars—the
-hidden-tentacles-of-the-worlds-most-secret—body-1107215.html (accessed July 1, 2013).
36. Kim Murphy and Lynn Marshall, “WTO Protesters Return to Seattle without the Violence of Last Year,”
Los Angeles Times,
December 1, 2000, http://articles.latimes.com/2000/dec/01
/news/mn-59763 (accessed October 22, 2013).
37. Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, PL 105–298, 105th Congress, 2nd Session, October 27, 1998, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-105publ298/pdf/PLAW-105publ298.pdf (accessed June 13, 2013).
38. Digital Millennium Copyright Act, PL 105–304, 105th Congress, 2nd Session, October 28, 1998, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-105publ304/pdf/PLAW-105publ304.pdf (accessed June 13, 2013).
39. Jay Walljasper, “From Middle East to Wall Street, Justice Depends on Public Spaces,”
Commons Magazine,
June 25, 2012, http://onthecommons.org/magazine/middle-east-wall-street-justice
-depends-public-spaces (accessed November 7, 2013).
40. Ibid.
41. Jonathan Rowe, “The Hidden Commons,”
Yes! Magazine,
June 30, 2001, http://www.yes
magazine.org/issues/reclaiming-the-commons/the-hidden-commons (accessed June 16, 2013).
42. Mike Bergan, “The American Commons,” 10,000 Birds, August 6, 2007, http://10000birds
.com/the-american-commons.htm (accessed July 2, 2013).
43. Yochai Benkler, “Coase’s Penguin, or, Linux and
The Nature of the Firm,
”
Yale Law Journal
112(369) v.04.3 (August 2002): 1–2, http://www.benkler.org/CoasesPenguin.PDF (accessed June 26, 2013).
44. Peter Barnes,
Capitalism 3.0: A Guide to Reclaiming the Commons
(San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, 2006), xiv.
Chapter 12
1. Yochai Benkler,
The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006), 470.
2. Brett M. Frischmann, “Cultural Environmentalism and
The Wealth of Networks,
”
University of Chicago Law Review
74(1083) (2001): 1132.
3. Ibid., 1133.
4. “Internet Corporations for Assigned Names and Numbers: Board of Directors,” ICANN, 2013, http://www.icann.org/en/groups/board (accessed June 13, 2013).
5. “Who Governs the Internet,” Global Partners and Associates, 3, http://www.global-partners
.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/who-governs-internet_web2.pdf (accessed June 13, 2013).
6. Ibid.
7. Chengetai Masango, “About the Internet Governance Forum,” Internet Governance Forum, October 17, 2011, http://www.intgovforum.org/cms/aboutigf (accessed June 13, 2013).
8. “Who Governs the Internet,” 4.
9. Ibid., 7.
10. Ibid., 8.
11. Patricia O’Connell, ed. “Online Extra: At SBC, It’s All about Scale and Scope,”
Bloomberg Businessweek,
November 6, 2005, http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2005-11-06/online-extra
-at-sbc-its-all-about-scale-and-scope.
12. Kevin O’Brien, “Limiting Data Use in Germany,”
New York Times,
May 12, 2013, http://www
.nytimes.com/2013/05/13/technology/deutsche-telekom-data-use-and-net-neutrality.html.
13. Ibid.
14. “Open Internet,” Federal Communications Commission, http://www.fcc.gov/openinternet#rules.
15. Brett Frischmann,
Infrastructure: The Social Value of Shared Resources
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2013), 349.
16. Tim Berners-Lee, “Long Live the Web: A Call for Continued Open Standards and Neutrality,”
Scientific American,
November 22, 2010, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article
.cfm?id=long-live-the-web&print=true.
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid.
20. Matt Beswick, “Google Search Queries by the Numbers,”
STAT,
July 27, 2012, http://getstat
.com/blog/google-search-queries-the-numbers/.
21. “Internet and Search Engine Usage by Country,” Globalization Partners International, 2011, http://ptgmedia.pearsoncmg.com/images/9780789747884/supplements/9780789747884_appC
.pdf (accessed June 13, 2013).
22. Glenn Chapman, “Google 2012 Revenue Hits $50 Billion, Profits Up,”
Dawn,
January 23, 2013, http://beta.dawn.com/news/780915/google-2012-revenue-hits-50-billion-profits-up.
23. “Social Media Market Share,” KarmaSnack, 2013, http://www.karmasnack.com/about/social
-media-market-share/ (accessed June 14, 2013); “Number of Active Users at Facebook Over the Years,”
Yahoo! News
(Associated Press), May 1, 2013, http://news.yahoo.com/number-active
-users-facebook-over-230449748.html.
24. Alexis C. Madrigal, “The Case for Facebook,”
Atlantic,
May 29, 2012, http://www.theatlantic
.com/technology/archive/2012/05/the-case-for-facebook/257767/.
25. Robert Hof, “Poof! $1 Billion Slashed from 2012 Facebook Revenue Forecast,”
Forbes,
August 30, 2012, http://www.forbes.com/sites/roberthof/2012/08/30/poof-1-billion-slashed-from
-2012-facebook-revenue-forecast/.
26. Lisa O’Carroll, “Twitter Active Users Pass 200 Million,”
Guardian,
December 18, 2012, http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2012/dec/18/twitter-users-pass-200-million.
27. Jonathan Erlichman and Brian Womack, “Twitter Said to Expect $1 Billion in Ad Revenue in 2014,”
Bloomberg,
June 2, 2012, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-06-01/twitter-said-to
-expect-1-billion-in-sales-in-2014-on-ad-growth.html.
28. Hal Singer, “Who Competes with Google Search? Just Amazon, Apple, and Facebook,”
Forbes,
September 18, 2012, http://www.forbes.com/sites/halsinger/2012/09/18/who-competes-with
-google-in-search-just-amazon-apple-and-facebook/.
29. “Inside Amazon,” Amazon.com, http://india.amazon.com/InsideAmazon.html (accessed June 28, 2013).
30. Justus Haucap and Ulrich Heimeshoff, “Google, Facebook, Amazon, eBay: Is the Internet Driving Competition or Market Monopolization?,” Dusseldorf Institute for Competition Economics, no. 83, January 2013.
31. Alex Wilhelm, “eBay Beats Expectations with Q4 Revenues of $3.99 Billion, EPS of $0.70 on Back of Strong PayPal Performance,”
TNW,
January 16, 2013, http://thenextweb.com
/insider/2013/01/16/ebays-hitsmisses-with-q4-revenue-of-earnings-per-share-of/.
32. Paul Sawers, “Facebook Twitter, iTunes, and Google: The Rise of Digital Monopolies,”
TNW,
October 2, 2011, http://thenextweb.com/insider/2011/10/02/facebook-twitter-itunes-and-goo
gle-the-rise-of-digital-monopolies/.
33. Tim Wu, “In the Grip of the New Monopolists,”
Wall Street Journal,
November 13, 2010, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704635704575604993311538482.html.
34. Ibid.
35. Lam Thuy Vo, “Another Ridiculous Number from the Patent Wars,”
NPR Planet Money,
April 27, 2012, http://www.npr.org/blogs/money/2012/04/27/151357127/another-ridiculous-number
-from-the-patent-wars.
36. Angus Johnston, “Still More Questions about Why Wikileaks Hasn’t Trended on Twitter,”
Student Activism,
December 5, 2010, http://studentactivism.net/2010/12/05/wikileaks-twitter-3/.
37. Tarleton Gillespie, “Can an Algorithm Be Wrong? Twitter Trends, the Specter of Censorship, and Our Faith in the Algorithms around Us,”
Social Media Collective,
October 19, 2011, http://socialmediacollective.org/2011/10/19/can-an-algorithm-be-wrong/.
38. Ibid.
39. Zeynep Tufekci, “Google Buzz: The Corporatization of Social Commons,”
Technosociology,
February 17, 2010, http://technosociology.org/?p=102.
40.
“
From the New Deal to a New Century,” Tennessee Valley Authority, http://www.tva.com/about
tva/history.htm (accessed June 14, 2013); Phillip F. Schewe,
The Grid
(Washington, DC: Joseph Henry Press, 2007), 101.
41. Harold Hotelling, “The General Welfare in Relation to Problems of Taxation and of Railway and Utility Rates,”
Econometrica
6(3) (July, 1938): 258.
42. Ibid.
43. Ibid.
44. Ibid.
45. Ibid., 258–59.
46. R. H. Coase, “The Marginal Cost Controversey,”
Economica,
13(51) (August 1946): 176.
47. “Rural Electrification Administration,” Next New Deal, February 25, 2011, http://www.next
newdeal.net/rural-electrification-administration.