Authors: Juan Williams
15
. Author’s interview with Walter Carr.
16
. Skotnes, “Black Freedom Movement,” pp. 211–37.
1
. Thurgood Marshall’s interview with the Columbia Oral History Project.
2
. As cited in Genna Rae McNeil,
Groundwork
(Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsylvania Press, 1983), p. 138.
3
. Ken Gormley “Justice Thurgood Marshall,”
ABA Journal
, June 1992, p. 64.
4
. Richard Kluger interview with Thurgood Marshall, Dec. 28, 1973, Brown Collection, Yale Univ.
5
. H. L. Mencken, “The Murray Case,”
Baltimore Evening Sun
, Sept. 23, 1935.
6
. Charles Houston to Walter White, Sept. 19, 1935, NAACP Papers, Library of Congress.
7
. Author’s interview with Margery Prout.
8
.
Baltimore Afro-American
, Oct. 5, 1935, p. 1.
9
. Thurgood Marshall to Charles Houston, Feb. 10, 1936, NAACP Papers, LC;
Baltimore Afro-American
, Feb. 22, 1936.
10
. Thurgood Marshall to Charles Houston, Apr. 7, 1936, NAACP Papers, LC.
11
. Thurgood Marshall to Charles Houston, July 13, 1936, NAACP Papers, LC.
12
. Thurgood Marshall to Milford
[sic]
Tydings, Jan. 29, 1935, NAACP Papers, LC.
13
. Thurgood Marshall to Millard Tydings, Apr. 10, 1935; Millard Tydings to Thurgood Marshall, Apr. 12, 1935, NAACP Papers, LC.
14
. Thurgood Marshall to Charles Houston, Jan. 21, 1936, NAACP Papers, LC.
15
. Charles Houston to Thurgood Marshall, Jan. 23, 1936, NAACP Papers, LC.
16
. Thurgood Marshall to Charles Houston, May 25, 1936, NAACP Papers, LC.
17
. Roy Wilkins to Thurgood Marshall, July 8, 1936, NAACP Papers, LC.
18
. Charles Houston to Thurgood Marshall, Sept. 17, 1936, NAACP Papers, LC.
19
. Thurgood Marshall to Walter White, Oct. 6, 1936, NAACP Papers, LC.
1
. Author’s interview with Aubrey Marshall, Jr.
2
. Author’s interview with Essie Hughes.
3
. Author’s interview with Teddy Stewart.
4
. Author’s interview with Cab Calloway.
5
. School records of Norma A. Marshall, Register of Baltimore. By the time of Aubrey’s illness she had been a full-time teacher for ten years. She began in 1927, earning $1,300 annually.
6
.
Baltimore Afro-American
, July 31, 1937.
7
. Philip Brown,
A Century of “Separate but Equal” Education in Anne Arundel
County
(New York: Vantage Press, 1988), p. 81; Letter to the Editor from Rose Wiseman,
The Capitol
, Jan. 30, 1993
8
.
Mills v. Board of Education of Anne Arundel County
, Opinion of Judge Chesnut, 1939.
1
. Charles Houston to Thurgood Marshall, Sept. 17, 1936, NAACP Papers, Library of Congress.
2
. Author’s interview with Monroe Dowling.
3
. Memo from Thurgood Marshall, Apr. 3, 1937, NAACP Papers, LC.
4
.
Baltimore Afro-American
, Oct. 5, 1935.
5
. Thurgood Marshall to NAACP, Oct. 17, 1937, Yale Univ. Archives.
6
.
Buffalo Courier Express
, Mar. 23, 1937, Papers of Charles Houston, More-land-Spingarn Research Center, Howard Univ.
7
. Charles Houston to Sidney Redmond, Sept. 24, 1936, NAACP Papers, LC.
8
. Edward Clayton, “The Strange Disappearance of Lloyd …,”
Ebony
, vol. 7, no. 7, p. 32.
9
. Thurgood Marshall to Charles Houston, Aug. 4, 1939, NAACP Papers, LC.
10
.
Baltimore Afro-American
, Oct. 28, 1938; Walter White to Sidney Redmond, Jan. 23, 1940, NAACP Papers, LC. The NAACP never did locate Gaines, and subsequent inquiries by newspapers and magazines similarly found nothing. In 1995 Gaines’s remaining relatives said they still had not heard from him; the Social Security Administration said that year there was no record of Gaines’s death.
11
. As cited in Clayton, “Strange Disappearance,” p. 30.
12
. Genna Rae McNeil,
Groundwork
(Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsylvania Press, 1983), pp. 146–47.
13
. Charles Houston to William Houston, Apr. 14, 1938, NAACP Papers, LC.
14
. As cited in McNeil,
Groundwork
, p. 149.
15
. Unnamed source, interview with the FBI, Sept. 13, 1961, FBI file 77–26395.
16
. Richard Kluger’s interview with Thurgood Marshall.
17
. Charles Houston to Thurgood Marshall, Sept. 17, 1936, NAACP Papers, LC.
1
.
Hale v. Kentucky
(1938).
2
. Asst. Attorney General Brien McMahon to J. E. Hoover, Dec. 27, 1938, FBI file 44 227–1.
3
. Thurgood Marshall interview with the Columbia Oral History Project.
4
. Thurgood Marshall to ACLU Board, Apr. 26, 1939, NAACP Papers, Library of Congress.
5
.
Baltimore Afro-American
, Nov. 22, 1941, p. 1.
6
.
Baltimore Afro-American
, Dec. 19, 1942, p. 24.
7
. Thurgood Marshall to NAACP, Nov. 25, 1941, NAACP Papers, LC.
8
. Thurgood Marshall to Walter White, May 5, 1940, NAACP Papers, LC.
9
. Author’s interview with Monroe Dowling.
10
. Author’s interview with Mildred Byrd.
11
. Thurgood Marshall to 31st NAACP Convention, June 20, 1940, NAACP Papers, LC.
12
. Thurgood Marshall to Office, Nov. 17, 1941, NAACP Papers, LC.
13
. Thurgood Marshall interview with the Columbia Oral History Project.
14
. Richard Kluger interview with Herbert Wechsler, Nov. 21, 1973, Brown Collection, Yale Univ.
15
.
Smith v. Allwright
(1944).
16
.
Norfolk Journal and Guide
, Apr. 15, 1944.
17
. Thurgood Marshall interview with the Columbia Oral History Project.
18
. Irwin Ross,
Baltimore Afro-American
, Aug. 6, 1960.
1
. Sheriff Roy Harmon quoted in
Oklahoma Black Dispatch
, Feb. 8, 1941, p. 5.
2
. Thurgood Marshall to Walter White, Jan. 29, 1941, NAACP Papers, Library of Congress.
3
. Thurgood Marshall to Walter White, Feb. 2, 1941, NAACP Papers, LC.
4
.
Oklahoma Black Dispatch
, Feb. 8, 1941, p. 5.
5
. Ibid.
6
. Thurgood Marshall to Walter White, Feb. 2, 1941, NAACP Papers, LC.
7
. Ibid.
8
.
Oklahoma Black Dispatch
, Feb. 8, 1941, p. 5.
9
.
Oklahoma Black Dispatch
, Feb. 1, 1941, p. 2.
10
. Thurgood Marshall to Walter White, Feb. 2, 1941, NAACP Papers, LC.
11
. Undated pamphlet on legal defense, NAACP Papers, LC.
12
.
Baltimore Afro-American
, June 10, 1944, p. 3.
13
. Statement by Joseph Spell to his attorneys, Dec. 14, 1940, NAACP Papers, LC.
14
.
Baltimore Afro-American
, Feb. 8, 1941, p. 1.
1
. Charles Houston to A. Philip Randolph, May 20, 1941, Houston Papers, Moreland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard Univ.
2
. Walter White to William Hastie, May 4, 1943, NAACP Papers, Library of Congress.
3
. William Hastie to Walter White, May 4, 1943, NAACP Papers, LC.
4
. Morris Ernst to Walter White, Oct. 29, 1942, NAACP Papers, LC.
5
. Walter White to Morris Ernst, Oct. 31, 1942, NAACP Papers, LC.
6
. FBI Report, Dec. 17, 1943, FBI file 100–3050.
7
. Author’s interview with Edward Dudley; George Stevens interview with Robert Carter, American Film Institute, Kennedy Center.
8
. Michael Carter,
Baltimore Afro-American
, June 3, 1944.
9
. As cited in
Baltimore Afro-American
, July 17, 1943.
10
. Thurgood Marshall interview with the Columbia Oral History Project.
11
. Thurgood Marshall, “Gestapo in Detroit,”
The Crisis
, Aug. 1943.
12
.
Baltimore Afro-American
, Aug. 14, 1943.
13
. Mark Tushnet,
Making Civil Rights Law
(New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1994), p. 66.
14
. Thurgood Marshall to Office, Oct. 8, 1944, NAACP Papers, LC.
15
. Thurgood Marshall before Judge Advocate General, Apr. 3, 1945, NAACP Papers, LC.
16
. Eleanor Roosevelt to James Forrestal, Apr. 8, 1945, National Archives.
17
. NAACP Press Release, July 13, 1945, NAACP Papers, LC; Secretary of the Navy to Thurgood Marshall, undated, National Archives.
18
. Thurgood Marshall interview with the Columbia Oral History Project.
1
. “Four Police, Two Civilians Shot…,”
Nashville Tennesean
, Feb. 26, 1946, p. 1.
2
. “Terror in Tennessee,” NAACP pamphlet, 1946, NAACP Papers, Library of Congress.
3
. Author’s interview with Jack Lovett.
4
. Report on Investigation made on Feb. 27–28, 1946.
5
. Author’s interview with Raymond Lockridge.
6
. Vincent Tubbs,
Afro-American
, Oct. 10, 1946, p. 3.
7
. “Terror in Tennessee.”
8
. “We Urge Calm,”
Daily Herald
, Feb. 26, 1946, p. 2.
9
. Leslie Hart, “Long Distance Calls …,”
Nashville Banner
, Mar. 2, 1946, p. 2.
10
. Ibid.
11
. Danny Bingham, “Maury Hearing Resumed …,”
Nashville Banner
, June 14, 1946, p. 8.
12
. Walter White to the Committee on Administration, July 12, 1946, NAACP Papers, LC; Memo from Walter White to Staff, July 12, 1946, NAACP Papers, LC.
13
. Thurgood Marshall interview with the Columbia Oral History Project.
14
. Walter White to the Board of Directors, Sept. 9, 1946, NAACP Papers, LC; Passport Application for Thurgood Marshall, Sept. 27, 1946, U.S. Department of State.
15
. Vincent Tubbs, “Implications …,”
Baltimore Afro-American
, Oct. 12, 1946, p. 2.
16
. Ibid.
17
. Vincent Tubbs, “Believed to Show …,”
Baltimore Afro-American
, Sept. 28, 1946, p. 1.
18
. Author’s interview with Paul Bumpus.
19
. Tubbs, “Implications,” p. 2.
20
. Transcript of closing arguments in
State of Tennessee v. Pillow and Kennedy
.
21
. Author’s interview with Flo Fleming.
22
. Winfred Hopton interview with Constable Archibald Butts, Feb. 2, 1947, FBI file 44–78.
23
.
Pittsburgh Courier
, Dec. 7, 1946, p. 1.
1
. Walter White to Thurgood Marshall, Apr. 24, 1946, NAACP Papers, Library of Congress.
2
. Speech of Robert W. Kenny, NAACP Papers, LC.
3
. Spingarn Award speech of Thurgood Marshall, NAACP Papers, LC.
4
. Ted Poston, “On Appeal in the Supreme Court,”
The Survey
, Jan. 1949, pp. 18–21.
5
. “Mother Considered Power …,”
Baltimore Afro-American
, July 13, 1946, p. 17.
6
. Author’s interview with Alice Stovall.
7
. “Supreme Court to Review …,”
Baltimore Afro-American
, Feb. 9, 1946, p. 17.
8
. “Supreme Court to Hear …,”
Baltimore Afro-American
, Mar. 9, 1946, p. 1.
9
. Walter White to Thurgood Marshall, Mar. 30, 1946, NAACP Papers, LC.
10
. Robert Watts to Franklin Williams, Feb. 5, 1949, NAACP Papers, LC.
11
. Garrett Power, “Apartheid Baltimore Style: The Residential Segregation Ordinances of 1910–1913,”
Maryland Law Review
, vol. 42, no. 2 (1993), pp. 310–12.
12
. Thurgood Marshall to National Legal Committee, June 13, 1945, NAACP Papers, LC.
13
. Carl Murphy, “President Truman …,”
Baltimore Afro-American
, Jan. 24, 1948, p. 1.
14
. Lem Graves, “Housing Decision Awaited,”
Pittsburgh Courier, Jan
. 24, 1948, p. 4.
15
. Carl Murphy, “President Truman …,”
Baltimore Afro-American
, Jan. 24, 1948, p. 1.
16
. Ibid.
17
. Notes from Richard Kluger’s interview with Philip Elman, Aug. 19, 1971, Brown Collection, Yale Univ.
18
. “They said …,”
Baltimore Afro-American
, May 15, 1948, sec. 2, p. 4.
19
. Jack Greenberg,
Crusaders in the Courts
(New York: Basic Books, 1994), p. 259.
1
. “Posse ‘Lynches’ Fla. Case Suspect,”
Baltimore Afro-American
, Aug. 6, 1949, p. 2.
2
. “Three Prisoners Tied to Pipes …,”
Pittsburgh Courier
, Aug. 6, 1949, p. 4.
3
. “Fla. Judge Bars …,”
Pittsburgh Courier
, Dec. 15, 1951, p. 1.
4
. Thurgood Marshall interview with the Columbia Oral History Project.