Authors: Juan Williams
34
. Thurgood Marshall interview with the Columbia Oral History Project.
1
. Thurgood Marshall interview with T. H. Baker, LBJ Library.
2
. Author’s interview with Ramsey Clark.
3
. Randal Bland,
Private Pressure on Public Law
(Port Washington, N.Y.: National University Publications, 1973), p. 129.
4
. Lady Bird Johnson Diary, July 2, 1965, LBJ Library.
5
. Author’s interview with Nicholas Katzenbach.
6
. Marshall interview with Baker.
7
.
New York Herald Tribune
, July 30, 1965.
8
. Testimony before the Senate Subcommittee of the Judiciary, July 29, 1965.
9
. Statement of President Johnson, Aug. 24, 1965, LBJ Library.
10
. Thurgood Marshall interview with the Columbia Oral History Project.
11
. Marshall to Johnson, Sept. 14, 1965; Johnson to Marshall, Sept. 20, 1965, LBJ Library.
12
. Author’s interview with Grafton Gaines.
13
. Author’s interview with Ralph Spritzer.
14
. Author’s interview with Louis Claiborne.
15
. Joseph Mohbat, “Marshall Finds …,”
Washington Star
, Dec. 26, 1965.
16
.
Baltimore Sun
, Mar. 21, 1966.
17
. Author’s interview with Monroe Dowling; Sidney Zion, “Thurgood Marshall …,”
New York Times Magazine
, Aug. 22, 1965, p. 69.
18
. Ponchitta Pierce, “The Solicitor General,”
Ebony
, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 67–77.
19
. Zion, “Thurgood Marshall …,” p. 71.
20
.
New York Times
, June 14, 1966; John MacKenzie, “Would Be …,”
Washington Post
, June 14, 1967, p. A13.
21
. J. Edgar Hoover to Mary Watson, FBI files, Hoover O. and C, May 27, 1966.
22
. C. D. DeLoach to Clyde Tolson, June 6, 1966, FBI file Hoover O. and C.
23
. C. D. DeLoach to Clyde Tolson, June 14, 1966, FBI file Hoover O. and C.
24
. Supplemental Memo to the Supreme Court
[Black v. U.S.]
, FBI file Hoover O. and C.
25
. Author’s interview with Harry McPherson.
26
.
Jet
, Dec. 1, 1966.
27
. Transcript of conversation between acting Attorney General Clark and President Johnson, Jan. 25, 1967, LBJ Library.
28
. Transcript of a conversation between LBJ and Ramsey Clark, Jan. 25, 1967, LBJ Library.
29
. Author’s interview with Jack Valenti.
1
. Hoover to Marshall, personal copy, June 13, 1967, FBI file 77-88227-150.
2
. “The Distorters,”
Lynchburg News
, Aug. 22, 1967, p. 6.
3
. James Kilpatrick, “Marshall’s Appointment …,”
Washington Star
, June 18, 1967.
4
. “Mr. Justice Marshall,”
Newsweek
, June 26, 1967, pp. 34–36;
Washington Star, June
14, 1967.
5
. Nomination of Thurgood Marshall, Senate Committee of the Judiciary, July 13–24, 1967.
6
. Author’s interview with Grafton Gaines.
7
. Author’s interview with William Brennan.
8
. Thurgood Marshall’s interview with Dennis J. Hutchinson, Univ. of Chicago.
9
. Black to Marshall, Nov. 11, 1967, Marshall Papers, Supreme Court, Library of Congress.
10
. Author’s interview with Ramsey Clark.
11
. Notes of the President’s Meeting with Negro Leaders, Apr. 5, 1967, LBJ Library.
12
. Larry Still, “President Warns …,”
Washington Star
, June 2, 1966.
13
. Thurgood Marshall’s interview with the Columbia Oral History Project.
14
. Bruce A. Murphy,
Fortas
(New York: William Morrow, 1988), p. 299.
15
. DeLoach to Tolson, Sept. 23, 1968, FBI file 77-88227-160.
16
. Lady Bird Johnson Diary, Dec. 18, 1968, LBJ Library.
17
.
Baltimore Sun
, Dec. 18, 1968.
18
. Speech of Thurgood Marshall, May 4, 1969, Brown Collection, Yale Univ.
19
. “Anarchy Is Anarchy,”
Washington Star
, May 6, 1969, p. A8.
20
.
Stanley v. Georgia
(1968), Marshall Papers, Supreme Court, LC.
21
. Author’s interview with Thurgood and Cecelia Marshall.
22
. Author’s interview with Monroe Dowling.
23
. James Welsh, “Justice Marshall Buys …,”
Washington Star
, Nov. 13, 1968.
24
. Author’s interview with Tyrone Brown.
25
. Roland Evans and Robert Novak,
New York Post
, Jan. 31, 1970.
26
. Tkach to Nixon, May 19, 1970, and Chapin to Nixon, May 22, 1970, RMN Library.
27
. “Justice Marshall, ‘Not Feeling Well,’ ”
Washington Star
, June 14, 1971.
28
. “Justice Doing Better …,”
Baltimore Sun
, July 18, 1972.
29
. Thurgood Marshall to Simeon Booker, Nov. 20, 1972, Marshall Papers, Supreme Court, LC.
30
.
Washington Star
, Nov. 30, 1972.
31
. Author’s interview with Aubrey Marshall, Jr.
32
.
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg
, Marshall Papers, Supreme Court, LC.
33
. Author’s interview with Stephen Saltzburg.
34
.
Furman v. Georgia
, Marshall Papers, Supreme Court, LC.
35
. Author’s interview with Ralph Winter.
36
. Thurgood Marshall interview with the Columbia Oral History Project.
1
. McCorvey would later recant that story, admitting that she had become pregnant by her boyfriend.
2
. Thurgood Marshall to Harry Blackmun, Dec. 12, 1972, Marshall Papers, Supreme Court, Library of Congress.
3
. William O. Douglas,
The Court Years, 1939
–
1975
(New York: Random House, 1980), p. 251.
4
.
Procunier v. Martinez
(1973).
5
.
San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez
(1973).
6
. John Oakley to Thurgood Marshall, Mar. 30, 1973, Marshall Papers, Supreme Court, LC.
7
.
Milliken v. Bradley
(1974).
8
. Antero Pietila, “Marshall ‘25 Talks …,”
Baltimore Sun
, June 5, 1975.
9
.
Gregg v. Georgia
(1976).
10
. Author’s interview with William Brennan.
11
. John MacKenzie, “Marshall: Ready…,”
Washington Post
, Sept. 5, 1976, p. D6.
12
. Lyle Denniston, “2 to 3 Weeks in Bed …,”
Washington Star
, July 7, 1976.
13
.
Beal v. Doe
(1977).
14
. Richard Smith, “Clerks of the Court,”
Washington Post
, Aug. 29, 1976, p. 15.
15
. Author’s interview with Griffin Bell.
16
. Author’s interview with Doris McCree.
17
. Author’s interview with Daniel Friedman.
18
. Author’s interview with Louis Claiborne.
19
. Author’s interview with Phillip Spector.
20
. Author’s interview with Byron White.
21
. T. M. to Conference, Apr. 13, 1978, Marshall Papers, Supreme Court, LC.
22
.
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
(1978).
23
. Stuart Auerbach, “Blacks Told …,”
Washington Post
, Nov. 19, 1978, p. A2.
24
. Remarks of Thurgood Marshall, Second Circuit Judicial Conference, May 1979.
25
. Bob Woodward and Scott Armstrong,
The Brethren
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1979), pp. 258, 429.
26
. Author’s interview with Karen Hastie Williams.
27
. Author’s interview with Phillip Spector.
28
. Author’s interview with Susan Bloch.
29
. Author’s interview with Warren Burger.
30
. Author’s interview with Lewis Powell.
31
. Author’s interview with William Rehnquist.
32
. T. M. to Conference, July 31, 1980, Marshall Papers, Supreme Court, LC.
33
. Author’s interview with Cecelia Marshall.
34
. “The Supreme CourtIs aLifeTerm, Period,”
Washington Post
, Jan. 25, 1981.
1
. Author’s interview with Martha Minow.
2
. Thurgood Marshall, “Outside Counsel,”
American Lawyer
, Aug. 1981, p. 37.
3
. “Court’s Rulings Hinged …,”
Washington Post
, July 4, 1983.
4
. Author’s interview with William Brennan.
5
. Michael Reiss and Al Jean, “How to Write …,”
National Lampoon
, Feb. 1982, p. 60.
6
. William Webster to Thurgood Marshall, Mar. 4, 1982, Marshall Papers, Supreme Court, Library of Congress.
7
.
Fullilove v. Klutznick
(1980).
8
. Thurgood Marshall interview with the Columbia Oral History Project.
9
. T. M. to Toni House, June 24, 1986, Marshall Papers, Supreme Court, LC.
10
.
New York Times
, September 20, 1987.
11
.
Life
, July 7, 1986.
12
. T. M. to William Brennan, Feb. 28, 1986, Marshall Papers, Supreme Court, LC.
13
. Author’s interview with Lewis Powell.
14
. Author’s interview with Byron White.
15
. Author’s interview with Monroe Dowling.
16
. Remarks of Thurgood Marshall, Maui, Hawaii, May 6, 1987.
17
. Thurgood Marshall interview with Carl Rowan, June 1987, WUSA-TV.
18
. “Judicial Lockjaw,”
Baltimore Sun
, Sept. 13, 1987.
19
. “Reagan Rejects Criticism …,”
Washington Post
, Sept. 10, 1987, p. A7.
20
. Terry Eastland, “While Justice Sleeps,”
National Review
, Apr. 21, 1989, pp. 24–25.
21
. Jacqueline Trescott, “Making Marshall’s …,”
Washington Post
, Sept. 15, 1988, p. C1.
22
. Author’s interview with Susan Bloch.
23
. Tony Mauro, “Rowan Drops …,”
Legal Times
, July 18, 1988, p. 12.
24
. Thurgood Marshall interview with the Columbia Oral History Project.
25
. Author’s interview with Antonin Scalia.
26
. “Marshall: Brennan Is Irreplaceable,”
Washington Post
, July 27, 1990, p. A16.
27
. “Marshall: Speaking Ill of the Dead,”
Newsweek
, Aug. 6, 1990, p. 18.
28
. Ruth Marcus, “Plain Spoken …,”
Washington Post
, June 29, 1991, p. A1.
29
. Author’s interview with Jack Valenti.
30
. Author’s interview with Gloria Branker.
1
.
Washington Post
, Jan. 29, 1993.
2
. Author’s interview with William Pregnell. “I just read the Episcopal Burial Service, with no comment,” Rev. Pregnell recalled. “Sometimes saying less is better with a person whose presence is so commanding. I said to myself, ‘God look at this. I’m a white, middle-class kid from Charleston, South Carolina, where the Civil War started. And here I am, committing what I think is the greatest Afro-American in history to his grave, at his family’s request.’ I was really much moved by it.”
3
. Author’s interview with Sandra Day O’Connor.
4
. Author’s interview with Thomas Krattenmaker.
5
. Author’s interview with Lewis Powell.
6
. Author’s interview with William Rehnquist.
7
. Terry Eastland,
Baltimore Sun
, July 1, 1991.
Author’s interviews: Willie Adams, Victorine Adams, Terry Adamson, Cliff Alexander, Jesse Anderson, Kevin Baine, Griffin Bell, Cel Bernadino, Berl Bernhard, Sue Bloch, David Bogen, St. Clair Bourne, Gloria Branker, William Brennan, Scott Brewer, Leslie Brown, Philip Brown, Tyrone Brown, William Bryant, Paul Bumpus, Warren Burger, John Butler, Franz Byrd, Mildred Byrd, Cab Calloway, Nixon Camper, Walter Carr, Robert Carter, Stephen Carter, Julius Chambers, Louis Claiborne, Kenneth Clark, Ramsey Clark, Frank Coleman, William T. Coleman, Henry Steele Com-mager, Claude Connor, Archibald Cox, James Crockett, Evelyn Cunningham, Gloster Current, Sam Daniels, John A. Davis, Drew Days, Arnold DeMille, Marietta Dochery James Dorsey, John Dorsey, Monroe Dowling, Ed Dudley, Ada Lois Sipuel Fisher, William Fisher, Owen Fiss, Flo Fleming, John Hope Franklin, James Freedman, Daniel Freidman, Grafton Gaines, Jill Garrett, Jim George, Paul Gewirtz, David Glenn, Ronald J. Greene, Joe Greenhill, Jack Greenberg, Kathleen Hauke, Julia Woodhouse Harden, Donald Hollowell, Leon Higginbotham, Jr., Herbert Hill, Oliver Hill, Benjamin Hooks, Sam Hopkins, Alfreda Hughes, Essie Hughes, Carrie Jackson, Vernon Jordan, Nicholas Katzenbach, Damon Keith, Randall Kennedy, Martin Kilson, Whitman Knapp, Thomas Krattenmaker, Earl Kroger, Lena Lee, Lennie Lewis, John Raymond Lockridge, Peter Lockwood, Jack Lovett, J. Edward Lumbard, Aubrey Marshall, Jr., Burke Marshall, Cecelia Marshall, Goody Marshall, Thurgood Marshall, Louis Martin, Doris Mc-Cree, Enolia McMillan, Genna Rae McNeil, Harry McPherson, Martha
Minow, Frank Mitchell, Michael Mitchell, Parren Mitchell, Elizabeth Monteiro, Constance Baker Motley, Michael Murphy, William Murphy, Rosa Murray, James Nabrit III, Helen Nelson, Sandra Day O’Connor, Agnes Patterson, Pat Patterson, Etta Phefer, Theodore Phefer, Louis Pollack, Lewis Powell, William Pregnell, Margery Prout, William Rehnquist, Chuck Robb, Spottswood Robinson III, Stephen Saltzburg, Dick Sanders, Antonin Scalia, John Segenthaler, June Shagaloff, Charlotte Shervington, Phillip L. Spector, Ralph Spritzer, Jordan Steiker, James Stewart, Teddy Stewart, Alice Stovall, William Thompson, Douglas Turnbull, Jr., Mark Tushnet, Jack Valenti, Mike Wallace, Gil Ware, Robert Watts, Robert C. Weaver, Warren Weaver, Byron White, David Wilkins, Maxine Wilkins, Minnie Wilkins, Ethel Williams, Karen Hastie Williams, Vinnie Williams, Ralph Winter, Rose Wiseman, Harris Wofford, Biddie Woods, Andrew Young
Amistad Oral History: Daniel Byrd
Columbia Oral History: Sam Battle, Walter Gellhorn, Jack Greenberg, Thurgood Marshall, Henry Lee Moon, James Nabrit II, J. Waties Waring
Howard University Oral History Program: Wiley Branton
George and Caroline Stevens, American Film Institute: Julia Davis Adams, Robert Carter, Kenneth Clark, John Hope Franklin, Jack Weinstein, Taggart Whipple
Fisk University Black Oral History Project: A. Macio Smith
Maryland Historical Society: Juanita Mitchell
Public Broadcasting Corporation: Constance Baker Motley
Radio America: Robert Carter, Kenneth Clark, Walter Dellinger, Randall Kennedy, E. Barrett Prettyman, Jr.
WUSA: Thurgood Marshall