Why Women Have Sex (47 page)

146

One study tracked the importance: Buss, D. M., Shackelford, T. K., et al. (2001). “A Half Century of American Mate Preferences: The Cultural Evolution of Values,”
Journal of Marriage and the Family
63:491–503.

147

Several studies recorded: Laumann, E. O., Gagnon, J. H., et al. (1994).
The Social Organization of Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the United States
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press), 368–74.

149

A study conducted in the Meston: Meston, C. M., Trapnell, P. D., and Gorzalka, B. B. (1996). “Ethnic and Gender Differences in Sexuality: Variations in Sexual Behavior Between Asian and Non-Asian University Students,”
Archives of Sexual Behavior
25:33–72.

149

A study just completed: Meston, C. M., and Ahrold, T. (in press). “Ethnic, Gender, and Acculturation Influences on Sexual Behavior,”
Archives of Sexual Behavior.

149

Among Chinese women living: See
http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200311/08/eng20031108_127861.shtml
.

150

At the other end of: Buss, D. M. (1989). “Sex Differences in Human Mate Preferences: Evolutionary Hypotheses Tested in 37 Cultures,”
Behavioral and Brain Sciences
12:1–49.

153

Women who have sex with women: Richters, J., Visser, R., et al. (2006). “Sexual Practices at Last Heterosexual Encounter and Occurrence of Orgasm in a National Survey,”
Journal of Sex Research
43:217–26.

154

According to a study by sex researchers: Masters, W. H., and Johnson, V. (1979).
Homosexuality in Perspective
(Boston: Little, Brown).

155

Psychologist Russell Eisenman: Eisenman, R. (2001). “Penis Size: Survey of Female Perceptions of Sexual Satisfaction,”
BMC Women’s Health
1:1.

159

A more recent study on: Schmitt, D. P, Shackelford, T. K., et al. (2002). “Is There an Early-30’s Peak in Female Sexual Desire? Cross-Sectional Evidence from the United States and Canada,”
Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality
11:1–18.

159

According to one study, approximately 25 percent: Laumann, E. O., Gagnon, J. H., et al. (1994).
The Social Organization of Sexuality
, 178–79.

163

This test has been done in both women: Laan, E., and Everaerd, W. (1995). “Habituation of Female Sexual Arousal to Slides and Film,”
Archives of Sexual Behavior
24:517–41.

163

and men: O’Donahue, W. T., and Geer, J. H. (1985). “The Habituation of Sexual Arousal,”
Archives of Sexual Behavior
14:233–46.

164

A woman’s personality: Schmitt, D. P., and Shackelford, T. K. (2008). “Big Five Traits Related to Short-Term Mating: From Personality to Promiscuity Across 46 Nations,”
Evolutionary Psychology
6:246–82.

165

But an even greater predictor: Buss, D. M., and Shackelford, T. K. (1997). “Susceptibility to Infidelity in the First Year of Marriage,”
Journal of Research in Personality
31:193–221.

165

In the Meston Lab: Seal, B., and Meston, C. M. (Oct. 2004). “Perfectionism and Emerging Patterns of Sexuality,” paper presented to the Annual Meeting of the International Society for the Study of Women’s Sexual Health (ISSWSH), Atlanta, Ga.

165

David Schmitt came to: Schmitt, D. P. (2003). “Universal Sex Differences in the Desire for Sexual Variety: Tests from 52 Nations, 6 Continents, and 13 Islands,”
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
85:85–104.

166

In the widely discussed book: Levy, A. (2006).
Female Chauvinist Pigs: Women and the Rise of Raunch Culture
(New York: Simon and Schuster).

167

“I think me and the”: “Student Auctions Off Virginity for Offers of More than £2.5 Million,”
The Telegraph
(London), January 12, 2009.

167

Stephanie Gershon yearned to explore: See
www.cnn.com/2008/LIVING/personal/08/25/sex.for.stuff
.

168

Although Natalie Dylan’s: Kruger, D. J. (2008). “Young Adults Attempt Exchanges in Reproductively Relevant Currencies,”
Evolutionary Psychology
6:204–12.

168

“It’s more about getting what”: See
www.cnn.com/2008/LIVING/personal/08/25/sex.for.stuff
.

169

The gifts were identified: Symons, D. (1979).
The Evolution of Human Sexuality
(New York: Oxford University Press), 257–58.

170

“In the course of every”: Sahlins, M. (1985).
Islands of History
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press; Malinowski, B. (1929).
Sexual Savages in North-western Melanesia: An Ethnographic Account of Courtship, Marriage, and Family Life Among the Natives of the Trobriand Islands, British New Guinea
(London: G. Routledge & Sons), 319.

170

“Whether men prove their virility”: Siskind, J. (1973).
To Hunt in the Morning
(New York: Oxford University Press), 234.

172

Men are four times as: Ellis, B. J., and Symons, D. (1990). “Sex Differences in Sexual Fantasy: An Evolutionary Psychological Approach,”
The Journal of Sex Research
27:527–55.

172

Although there may be some reporting bias: Buss, D. M. (2003).
The Evolution of Desire: Strategies of Human Mating
(New York: Basic Books); Ellis, B. J., and Symons, D. (1990). “Sex Differences in Sexual Fantasy.”

172

Men possess another psychological tic: Haselton, M. G., and Buss, D. M. (2000). “Error Management Theory: A New Perspective on Biases in Cross-sex Mind Reading,”
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
78:81–91.

172

As a consequence, women: Buss, D. M. (2003).
Evolution of Desire.

172

Research has also found: Symons, D. (1979).
Evolution of Human Sexuality
.

173

Several other gender differences: Ibid.

174

And, according to some thinkers: Dworkin, A., and Levi, A. (2006).
Intercourse
(New York: Basic Books).

174

“A woman has the right”: French, D., and Lee, L. (1988).
Working: My Life as a Prostitute
(New York: W. W. Norton).

175

“We say that [hookers]”: See
www.sexwork.com/coalition/whatcountrieslegal.html
.

175

The problem of sexual enslavement: Burley, N., and Symanski, R. (1981). “Women Without: An Evolutionary and Cross-cultural Perspective on Prostitution,” in R. Symanski,
The Immoral Landscape: Female Prostitution in Western Societies
(Toronto: Butterworths), 239–74.

176

Although some of their clients: Brown, L. (2000).
Sex Slaves: The Trafficking of Women in Asia
(London: Virago Books).

176

The details of sex trafficking: Ibid.

176

Some women become prostitutes: Burley, N., and Symanski, R. (1981). “Women Without.”

177

Street prostitutes are targeted: Salmon, C. (2008). “Heroes and Hos: Reflections on Male and Female Sexual Natures,” in C. Crawford and D. Krebs (eds.),
Foundations of Evolutionary Psychology
(New York: Erlbaum).

177

Young girls and women: Tyler, K. A., and Johnson, K. A. (2006). “Trading Sex: Voluntary or Coerced? The Experiences of Homeless Youth,”
Journal of Sex Research
43:208–16.

177

“me and [my boyfriend]”: Ibid., 212.

178

“It’s very stressful”: See
www.salon.com/mwt/feature/2008/08/05/call_girls/
.

178

A study of more than one thousand: Luke, N. (2005). “Confronting the ‘Sugar Daddy’ Stereotype: Age and Economic Asymmetries and Risky Sexual Behavior in Urban Kenya,”
International Family Planning Perspectives
31:6–14.

179

An Associated Press report about sugar babies: See
www.associatedcontent.com/article/376288/how_to_get_a_sugar_daddy_sugar_daddies.html?cat—41
.

179

Another news article observed: See
www.articlepros.com/relationships/Relationship-Advice/article-74309.html
.

180

In one of the first: Buss, D. M. (1988). “The Evolution of Human Intrasexual Competition: Tactics of Mate Attraction,”
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
54:616–28.

180

The Buss Lab discovered: Buss, D. M., and Schmitt, D. P. (1993). “Sexual Strategies Theory: An Evolutionary Perspective on Human Mating,”
Psychological Review
100:204–32.

181

Based solely on these photographs: Townsend, J. M. (1998). “Sexual Attractiveness Sex Differences in Assessment and Criteria,”
Evolution and Human Behavior
19(3):171–91.

182

“wrinkled old men”: DiMaggio, J. (2006).
Marilyn, Joe, and Me
(New York: Penmarin Books).

182

And in 2006, the Chinese actress: See
www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId—6924667
.

182

One woman, for example: Buss, D. M. (2003).
Evolution of Desire
.

182

Perhaps the most flagrant case: See http://austriantimes.at/index.php?id—7935.

183

“Gift giving or even cash”: Gebhard, P. H. (1971). “The Anthropological Study of Sexual Behavior,” in D. S. Marshall and R. C. Suggs (eds.),
Human Sexual Behavior
(New York: Basic Books), 257–58.

183

“Since prostitution and courtship”: Burley, N., and Symanski, R. (1981). “Women Without.”

183

Women often interpret gifts: Symons, D. (1979).
Evolution of Human Sexuality
, 258–59.

183

Research reveals that roughly 60: Bisson, M. A., and Levine, T. R. (2007). “Negotiating a Friends with Benefits Relationship,”
Archives of Sexual Behavior
38:66–73.

184

Indeed, when women have casual: Welsh, D. P., Grello, C. M., and Harper, M. S. (2006). “No Strings Attached: The Nature of Casual Sex in College Students,”
Journal of Sex Research
43:255–67.

184

“because the person did not”: Jonason, P. K., Li, N., and Cason, M. (2009). “The ‘Booty Call’: A Compromise between Men’s and Women’s Ideal Mating Strategies,”
Journal of Sex Research
46:1–11.

185

These include developing romantic feelings: Bisson, M. A., and Levine, T. R. (2007). “Negotiating a Friends with Benefits Relationship.”

186

Only one scientific study: Ibid.

187

“Food is one of the best lures”: Holmberg, A. R. (1950).
Nomads of the Longbow
(Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press), 64.

188

“may find it difficult”: Washburn, S. L., and Lancaster, C. (1968). “The Evolution of Hunting,” in R. B. Lee and I. DeVore (eds.),
Man the Hunter
(Chicago: Aldine), 293–303.

188

“He’s not even a man”: Symons, D. (1979).
Evolution of Human Sexuality
, 162.

189

Although women are motivated: Greiling, H., and Buss, D. M. (2000). “Women’s Sexual Strategies: The Hidden Dimension of Extra-Pair Mating,”
Personality and Individual Differences
28:929–63.

189

Women who lack economic resources: Blumstein, P. and Schwartz, P. (1983).
American Couples: Money, Work, Sex
(New York: Morrow).