Zoobiquity (45 page)

46
“the sudden death of an infant”:
National SIDS Resource Center, “What Is SIDS?,” accessed October 5, 2011.
http://sids-network.org/sidsfact.htm
.

47
Theories abound
: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Sudden Infant Death Syndrome,” pp. 859–63; Willinger, James, and Catz, “Defining the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome,” pp. 677–84; Byard and Krous, “Sudden Infant Death Syndrome,” pp. 112–27.

48
These reflexes likely share
: B. Kaada, “Electrocardiac Responses Associated with the Fear Paralysis Reflex in Infant Rabbits and Rats: Relation to Sudden Infant Death,”
Functional Neurology
4 (1989): pp. 327–40.

49
The heart rates of animals
: E. J. Richardson, M. J. Shumaker, and E. R. Harvey, “The Effects of Stimulus Presentation During Cataleptic, Restrained, and Free Swimming States on Avoidance Conditioning of Goldfish (
Carassius auratus
)
,” Psychological Record
27 (1997): pp. 63–75; P. A. Whitman, J. A. Marshall, and E. C. Keller, Jr., “Tonic Immobility in the Smooth Dogfish Shark,
Mustelus canis
(Pisces, Carcharhinidae),”
Copeia
(1986): pp. 829–32; L. Lefebvre and M. Sabourin, “Effects of Spaced and Massed Repeated Elicitation on Tonic Immobility in the Goldfish (
Carassius auratus
)
,” Behavioral Biology
21 (1997): pp. 300–5; A. Kahn, E. Rebuffat, and M. Scottiaux, “Effects of Body Movement Restraint on Cardiac Response to Auditory Stimulation in Sleeping Infants,”
Acta Paediatrica
81 (1992): 959–61; Laura Sebastiani, Domenico Salamone, Pasquale Silvestri, Alfredo Simoni, and Brunello Ghelarducci, “Development of Fear-Related Heart Rate Responses in Neonatal Rabbits,”
Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System
50 (1994): pp. 231–38.

50
Birger Kaada connected
: Birger Kaada, “Why Is There an Increased Risk for Sudden Infant Death in Prone Sleeping? Fear Paralysis and Atrial Stretch Reflexes Implicated?”
Acta Paediatrica
83 (1994): pp. 548–57.

51
And, interestingly, swaddling
: Patricia Franco, Sonia Scaillet, José Groswaasser, and André Kahn, “Increased Cardiac Autonomic Responses to Auditory Challenges in Swaddled Infants,”
Sleep
27 (2004): pp. 1527–32.

  
1
But there I was
: American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Annual Conference with the Nutrition Advisory Group, Tulsa, OK, October 2009.

  
2
Exact numbers are hard to pin down
: I. M. Bland, A. Guthrie-Jones, R. D. Taylor, and J. Hill. “Dog Obesity: Veterinary Practices’ and Owners’ Opinions on Cause and Management,”
Preventive Veterinary Medicine
94 (2010): pp. 310–15; Alexander J. German, “The Growing Problem of Obesity in Dogs and Cats,”
Journal of Nutrition
136 (2006): pp. 19405–65; Elizabeth M. Lund, P. Jane Armstrong, Claudia A. Kirk, and Jeffrey S. Klausner, “Prevalence and Risk Factors for Obesity in Adult Dogs from Private US Veterinary Practice,”
International Journal of Applied Research in Veterinary Medicine
4 (2006): pp. 177–86.

  
3
But studies in both the United States and Australia
: Bland et al., “Dog Obesity”; German, “The Growing Problem,” pp. 19405–65; Lund et al., “Prevalence and Risk Factors,” pp. 177–86.

  
4
close to a jaw-dropping 70 percent
: Cynthia L. Ogden and Margaret D. Carroll, “Prevalence of Overweight, Obesity, and Extreme Obesity Among Adults: United States, Trends 1960–1962 Through 2007–2008,” National Center for Health Statistics,
June 2010, accessed October 12, 2011.
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hestat/obesity_adult_07_08/obesity_adult_07_08.pdf
.

  
5
With our pets’ excess pounds
: Lund et al., “Prevalence and Risk Factors”; C. A. Wyse, K. A. McNie, V. J. Tannahil, S. Love, and J. K. Murray, “Prevalence of Obesity in Riding Horses in Scotland,”
Veterinary Record
162 (2008): pp. 590–91.

  
6
Some dogs are put on
: Rob Stein, “Something for the Dog That Eats Everything: A Diet Pill,”
Washington Post
, January 6, 2007, accessed October 12, 2011.
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/05/AR2007010501753.html
.

  
7
Liposuction has been the treatment
: P. Bottcher, S. Kluter, D. Krastel, and V. Grevel, “Liposuction—Removal of Giant Lipomas for Weight Loss in a Dog with Severe Hip Osteoarthritis,”
Journal of Small Animal Practice
48 (2006): pp. 46–48.

  
8
Companion felines have been placed
: Jessica Tremayne, “Tell Clients to Bite into ‘Catkins’ Diet to Battle Obesity, Expert Advises,”
DVM Newsmagazine
, August 1, 2004, accessed March 3, 2012.
http://veterinarynews.dvm360.com/dvm/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=110710
.

  
9
Veterinarians increasingly treat “portly ponies”:
Caroline McGregor-Argo, “Appraising the Portly Pony: Body Condition and Adiposity,”
Veterinary Journal
179 (2009): pp. 158–60.

10
If you’ve ever tallied
: Jennifer Watts interview, Tulsa, OK, October 27, 2009; CBS News, “When Lions Get Love Handles: Zoo Nutritionists Are Rethinking Ways of Feeding Animals in Order to Avoid Obesity,” March 17, 2008, accessed January 30, 2010.
http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/03/17/tech/main3944935.shtml
.

11
In Indianapolis, zookeepers
: Ibid.

12
In Toledo, plump giraffes
: Ibid.

13
City rats crawling
: Yann C. Klimentidis, T. Mark Beasley, Hui-Yi Lin, Giulianna Murati, Gregory E. Glass, Marcus Guyton, Wendy Newton, et al., “Canaries in the Coal Mine: A Cross Species Analysis of the Plurality of Obesity Epidemics,”
Proceedings of the Royal Society B
(2010): pp. 2, 3–5. dom0.1098/rspb.2010.1980.

14
Big felines, like lions
: Joanne D. Altman, Kathy L. Gross, and Stephen R. Lowry, “Nutritional and Behavioral Effects of Gorge and Fast Feeding in Captive Lions,”
Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science
8 (2005): pp. 47–57.

15
“We’re all hardwired”:
Mark Edwards interview, San Luis Obispo, CA, February 5, 2010.

16
In fact, when presented with unlimited
: Katherine A. Houpt,
Domestic Animal Behavior for Veterinarians and Animal Scientists
, 5th ed., Ames, IA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011: p. 62.

17
A seal with the catchy nickname
: Jim Braly, “Swimming in Controversy, Sea Lion C265 Is First to Be Killed,”
Oregon-Live
, April 17, 2009, accessed April 27, 2010.
http://www.oregonlive.com/news/index.ssf/2009/04/swimming_in_controversy_c265_w.html
.

18
The weight of blue whales
: Dan Salas telephone interview, September 21, 2010.

19
In the Colorado Rockies
: Arpat Ozgul, Dylan Z. Childs, Madan K. Oli, Kenneth B. Armitage, Daniel T. Blumstein, Lucretia E. Olsen, Shripad Tuljapurkar, et al., “Coupled Dynamics of Body Mass and Population Growth in Response Environmental Change,”
Nature
466 (2010): pp. 482–85.

20
“As the snow has melted”:
Dan Blumstein interview, Los Angeles, CA. February 29, 2012.

21
A study Blumstein copublished
: Ibid.

22
And if this doesn’t seem like a lot
: Cynthia L. Ogden, Cheryl D. Fryar, Margaret
D. Carroll, and Katherine M. Flegal, “Mean Body Weight, Height, and Body Mass Index, United States 1960–2002,”
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Advance Data from Vital and Health Statistics
347, October 27, 2004, accessed October 13, 2011.
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/ad/ad347.pdf
.

23
Slovakians living at the base
: Eugene K. Balon, “Fish Gluttons: The Natural Ability of Some Fishes to Become Obese When Food Is in Extreme Abundance,”
Hydrobiologia
52 (1977): pp. 239–41.

24
“Obesity is a disease of the environment”:
“Dr. Richard Jackson of the Obesity Epidemic,” video, Media Policy Center, accessed October 13, 2011.
http://dhc.mediapolicycenter.org/video/health/dr-richardjackson-obesity-epidemic
.

25
“One of the problems”:
Ibid.

26
Excess sugar, fat, and salt
: David Kessler,
The End of Overeating: Taking Control of the Insatiable American Appetite
, Emmaus, PA: Rodale, 2009.

27
A survey of almost 300,000
: Medscape News Cardiology, Cardiologist Lifestyle Report 2012,” accessed March 1, 2012.
http://www.medscape.com/features/slide
show/lifestyle/2012/cardiology.

28
The evolutionary biologist Peter Gluckman
: Peter Gluckman, and Mark Hanson,
Mismatch: The Timebomb of Lifestyle Disease
, New York: Oxford University Press, 2006: pp. 161–62.

29
In the dry western United States
: Peter Nonacs interview, Los Angeles, April 13, 2010.

30
These sandy-blond rodents
: Ibid.

31
“You don’t have to eat a lot of meat”:
Ibid.

32
Evolutionary biologists think the desire
: Ibid.

33
Even insects’ body fat
: Caroline M. Pond,
The Fats of Life
, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

34
“It’s what the animal”:
Mads Bertelsen interview, Tulsa, OK, October 27, 2009.

35
The gorge-and-fast regimen
: Altman, Gross, and Lowry, “Nutritional and Behavioral Effects,” pp. 47–57.

36
Environmental enrichment
: Jill Mellen and Marty Sevenich MacPhee, “Philosophy of Environmental Enrichment: Past, Present and Future,”
Zoo Biology
20 (2001): pp. 211–26.

37
Settings that allowed
: Ibid.; Ruth C. Newberry, “Environmental Enrichment: Increasing the Biological Relevance of Captive Environments,”
Applied Animal Behaviour Science
44 (1995): pp. 229–43.

38
At the Smithsonian National Zoo
: Smithsonian National Zoological Park, “Conservation & Science: Zoo Animal Enrichment,” accessed October 12, 2011.
http://nationalzoo.si.edu/SCBI/AnimalEnrichment/default.cfm
.

39
Nutritionists provide smaller
: Newberry, “Environmental Enrichment.”

40
Every autumn
: Jennifer Watts, telephone interview by Kathryn Bowers, April 19, 2010.

41
Every day, as it has
: Volodymyr Dvornyk, Oxana Vinogradova, and Eviatar Nevo, “Origin and Evolution of Circadian Clock Genes in Prokaryotes,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
100 (2003): pp. 2495–500.

42
The cells of all
: Jay C. Dunlap, “Salad Days in the Rhythms Trade,”
Genetics
178 (2008): pp. 1–13; John S. O’Neill and Akhilesh B. Reddy, “Circadian Clocks in Human Red Blood Cells,”
Nature
469 (2011): pp. 498–503; John S. O’Neill, Gerben van Ooijen, Laura E. Dixon, Carl Troein, Florence Corellou, François-Yves Bouget, Akhilesh B. Reddy, et al., “Circadian Rhythms Persist Without Transcription in a Eukaryote,”
Nature
469 (2011): pp. 554–58; Judit Kovac, Jana Husse, and Henrik
Oster, “A Time to Fast, a Time to Feast: The Crosstalk Between Metabolism and the Circadian Clock,”
Molecules and Cells
28 (2009): pp. 75–80.

43
So-called higher creatures
: Dunlap, “Salad Days”; O’Neill and Reddy, “Circadian Clocks”; O’Neill et al., “Circadian Rhythms”; Kovac, Husse, and Oster, “A Time to Fast.”

44
Several studies have linked
: L. C. Antunes, R. Levandovski, G. Dantas, W. Caumo, and M. P. Hidalgo, “Obesity and Shift Work: Chronobiological Aspects,”
Nutrition Research Reviews
23 (2010): pp. 155–68; L. Di Lorenzo, G. De Pergola, C. Zocchetti, N. L’Abbate, A. Basso, N. Pannacciulli, M. Cignarelli, et al., “Effect of Shift Work on Body Mass Index: Results of a Study Performed in 319 Glucose-Tolerant Men Working in a Southern Italian Industry,”
International Journal of Obesity
27 (2003): pp. 1353–58; Yolande Esquirol, Vanina Bongard, Laurence Mabile, Bernard Jonnier, Jean-Marc Soulat, and Bertrand Perret, “Shift Work and Metabolic Syndrome: Respective Impacts of Job Strain, Physical Activity, and Dietary Rhythms,”
Chronobiology International
26 (2009): pp. 544–59.

45
A rodent study
: Laura K. Fonken, Joanna L. Workman, James C. Walton, Zachary M. Weil, John S. Morris, Abraham Haim, and Randy J. Nelson, “Light at Night Increases Body Mass by Shifting the Time of Food Intake,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
107 (2010): pp. 18664–69.

46
“subjected to dim lighting”:
Naheeda Portocarero, “Background: Get the Light Right,”
World Poultry
, accessed March 1, 2011.
http://worldpoultry.net/background/get-the-light-right-8556.html
.

47
Studies have shown that disrupting
: John Pavlus, “Daylight Savings Time: The Extra Hour of Sunshine Comes at a Steep Price,”
Scientific American
(September 2010): p. 69.

48
Latitude does seem
: William Galster and Peter Morrison, “Carbohydrate Reserves of Wild Rodents from Different Latitudes,”
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology
50 (1975): pp. 153–57.

49
The guts of some small songbirds
: Franz Bairlein, “How to Get Fat: Nutritional Mechanisms of Seasonal Fat Accumulation in Migratory Songbirds,”
Naturwissenschaften
89 (2002): pp. 1–10.

50
When they’ve fattened
: Herbert Biebach, “Phenotypic Organ Flexibility in Garden Warblers
Sylvia borin
During Long-Distance Migration,”
Journal of Avian Biology
29 (1998): pp. 529–35; Scott R. McWilliams and William H. Karasov, “Migration Takes Gut: Digestive Physiology of Migratory Birds and Its Ecological Significance,” in
Birds of Two Worlds: The Ecology and Evolution of Migration
, ed. Peter P. Marra and Russell Greenberg, pp. 67–78. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005; Theunis Piersma and Ake Lindstrom, “Rapid Reversible Changes in Organ Size as a Component of Adaptive Behavior,
Trends in Ecology and Evolution
12 (1997): pp. 134–38.

51
observed in fish
: John Sweetman, Arkadios Dimitroglou, Simon Davies, and Silvia Torrecillas, “Nutrient Uptake: Gut Morphology a Key to Efficient Nutrition,”
International Aquafeed
(January–February 2008): pp. 26–30.

52
frogs
: Elizabeth Pennesi, “The Dynamic Gut,”
Science
307 (2005): pp. 1896–99.

53
squirrels, voles, and mice
: Terry L. Derting and Becke A. Bogue, “Responses of the Gut to Moderate Energy Demands in a Small Herbivore (
Microtus pennsylvanicus
),”
Journal of Mammalogy
74 (1993): pp. 59–68.

54
Jared Diamond, a UCLA physiologist
: Pennesi, “The Dynamic Gut.”

55
Deep inside every animal colon
: Ruth E. Ley, Micah Hamady, Catherine Lozupone,
Peter J. Turnbaugh, Rob Roy Ramey, J. Stephen Bircher, Michael L. Schlegel, et al., “Evolution of Mammals and Their Gut Microbes,”
Science
320 (2008): pp. 1647–51.

56
It turns out that within our microbiomes
: Peter J. Turnbaugh, Ruth E. Ley, Michael A. Mahowald, Vincent Magrini, Elaine R. Mardis, and Jeffrey I. Gordon, “An Obesity-Associated Gut Microbiome with Increased Capacity for Energy Harvest,”
Nature
444 (2006): pp. 1027–31.

57
Obese humans had
: Ibid.

58
“The bacteria in obese mice”:
Ibid.; Matej Bajzer and Randy J. Seeley, “Obesity and Gut Flora,”
Nature
444 (2006): p. 1009.

59
“Feed the gut bugs”:
Watts interview.

60
The Harvard medical sociologist
: Nicholas A. Christakis and James Fowler, “The Spread of Obesity in a Large Social Network over 32 Years,”
New England Journal of Medicine
357: pp. 370–79.