1848 (64 page)

14
Ibid., pp. 64-5.

15
Quoted in S. J. Woolf,
A History of Italy 1700-1860: The Social Constraints of Political Change
(London: Routledge, 1991), p. 227.

16
Quoted in Sked,
Decline and Fall
, p. 10.

17
Quoted in ibid., p. 10.

18
Quoted in Palmer,
Metternich
, p. 246.

19
Metternich,
Mémoires
, vol. 3, p. 629.

20
R. Gildea,
The Past in French History
(New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1994), p. 35.

21
D. Mack Smith,
Mazzini
(New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1994), pp. 33-4.

22
Quoted in ibid., pp. 35-6.

23
Quoted in L. Riall,
Garibaldi: Invention of a Hero
(New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2007), p. 10.

24
Quoted in Mack Smith,
Mazzini
, p. 13.

25
Herzen,
My Past and Thoughts
, p. 366.

26
Quoted in Mack Smith,
Mazzini
, p. 12.

27
Ibid., p. 50.

28
Ibid., p. 31-2; Carr,
Romantic Exiles
, p. 29; J. Ridley,
Garibaldi
(London: Phoenix, 2001), pp. 105-6.

29
M. Rapport,
Nineteenth Century Europe, 1789-1914
(Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2005), p. 66.

30
Quoted in D. Blackbourn,
The Fontana History of Germany 1780-1918: The Long Nineteenth Century
(London: Fontana, 1997), p. 128.

31
Herzen,
My Past and Thoughts
, p. 321.

32
J. Keates,
The Siege of Venice
(London: Chatto and Windus, 2005), pp. 61-2.

33
M. Price,
The Perilous Crown: France between Revolutions 1814-1848
(London: Pan Macmillan, 2007), pp. 165-71.

34
F. Crouzet, ‘French Economic Growth in the Nineteenth Century Reconsidered',
History
, vol. 59 (1974), pp. 167-79.

35
J. Harsin,
Barricades: The War of the Streets in Revolutionary Paris, 1830-1848
(New York: Palgrave, 2002), pp. 101-2.

36
Quoted in T. E. B. Howarth,
Citizen-King: The Life of Louis-Philippe, King of the French
(London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1961), p. 229.

37
Tombs,
France
, p. 363.

38
Quoted in R. J. Goldstein,
Political Repression in Nineteenth-Century Europe
(London: Croom Helm, 1983), p. 148.

39
Harsin,
Barricades
, pp. 114-15.

40
Extracts in D. Beales and E. F. Biagini,
The Risorgimento and the Unification of Italy
, 2nd edn (Harlow: Pearson Education, 2002), pp. 229-33.

41
H. Kohn,
Absolutism and Democracy 1814-1852
(Princeton: Van Nostrand, 1965), pp. 156-7.

42
Quoted in Winkler,
Germany
, p. 75.

43
C. A. Macartney,
The Habsburg Empire 1790-1918
(London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1968), p. 218.

44
J. Droz,
Les Révolutions Allemandes de 1848
(Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1957), pp. 106-7.

45
J. Polišenský,
Aristocrats and the Crowd in the Revolutionary Year 1848: A Contribution to the History of the Revolution and Counter-Revolution in Austria
(Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press, 1980), p. 39.

46
Quoted in L. O'Boyle, ‘The Problem of an Excess of Educated Men in Western Europe, 1800-1850',
Journal of Modern History
, vol. 42 (1970), p. 488.

47
Droz,
Révolutions Allemandes
, p. 81.

48
S. Z. Pech, ‘Czech Peasantry in 1848', in M. Rechcigl, Jr.,
Czechoslovakia Past and Present
(The Hague and Paris: Mouton, 1968), pp. 1277-9.

49
J.-P. Himka,
Galician Villagers and the Ukrainian National Movement in the Nineteenth Century
(Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1988), pp. 2-3, 11, 13-14.

50
Droz,
Révolutions Allemandes
, p. 78.

51
Polišenský,
Aristocrats and the Crowd
, p. 39.

52
Ibid., p. 39.

53
Quoted in W. H. Sewell,
Work and Revolution in France: The Language of Labour from the Old Regime to 1848
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980), p. 224.

54
Quoted in L. Chevalier,
Labouring Classes and Dangerous Classes: Paris during the First Half of the Nineteenth Century
(London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1973), p. 206.

55
Droz,
Révolutions Allemande
, pp. 79-80; Polišenský,
Aristocrats and the Crowd
, p. 54.

56
Quoted in R. J. W. Evans,
Death in Hamburg: Society and Politics in the Cholera Years, 1830-1910
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987), p. 119.

57
M. Gailus, ‘Food Riots in Germany in the late 1840s',
Past and Present
, no. 145 (1994).

58
Price,
Perilous Crown
, pp. 326-7.

59
Sked,
Decline and Fall
, p. 76.

60
Quoted in L. Namier,
1848: The Revolution of the Intellectuals
(London: Oxford University Press, 1946), p. 5.

61
E. Hobsbawm,
The Age of Revolution, 1789-1848
(London: Abacus, 1977), p. 370.

62
Quoted in Robertson,
Revolutions of 1848
, p. 11.

63
S. Kieniewicz,
The Emancipation of the Polish Peasantry
(Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1969), pp. 113-26.

64
Quoted in Namier,
1848
, p. 3.

65
Herzen,
My Past and Thoughts
, p. 332.

 

 

CHAPTER 2

1
A. de Tocqueville,
Souvenirs
(Paris: Gallimard, 1999), pp. 23-6.

2
D. Beales and E. F. Biagini,
The Risorgimento and the Unification of Italy
, 2nd edn (Harlow: Longman, 2002), pp. 87-8; Ward,
1848
, p. 118.

3
Quoted in Sked,
Decline and Fall
, pp. 62-3.

4
P. Ginsborg,
Daniele Manin and the Venetian Revolution of 1848-49
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979), pp. 67-80.

5
D. Mack Smith,
A History of Sicily: Modern Sicily after 1713
(London: Chatto and Windus, 1968), pp. 415-18; S. J. Woolf,
A History of Italy 1700-1860: The Social Constraints of Political Change
(London: Routledge, 1991), pp. 373-5; D. Mack Smith (ed),
The Making of Italy 1796-1870
(London: Macmillan, 1968), pp. 126-35.

6
A. Herzen,
Letters from France and Italy 1847-1851
, trans. J. E. Zimmerman (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1995), pp. 98, 100.

7
G. Pepe,
Histoire des révolutions et des guerres d'Italie en 1847, 1848 et 1849
, 3 vols (Paris, 1850), i, pp. 14-15.

8
Settembrini in Beales and Biagini,
Risorgimento
, p. 249.

9
Herzen,
Letters from France and Italy
, p. 87; Count de Liedekerke de Beaufort in Beales and Biagini,
Risorgimento
, pp. 239-40.

10
Robertson,
Revolutions of 1848
, p. 329.

11
Archives Nationales, Paris [hereafter AN], BB/30/296 (Jacques Richard's testimony).

12
D. Stern,
Histoire de la Révolution de 1848
[1850-2] (Paris: Balland, 1985), p. 98.

13
Ibid., p. 100.

14
Ibid., p. 101.

15
Lamartine,
History of the French Revolution of 1848
, 2 vols (Boston, 1852), i, p. 35.

16
J. Harsin,
Barricades: The War of the Streets in Revolutionary Paris, 1830-1848
(New York: Palgrave, 2002), pp. 255-6.

17
Stern,
Histoire
, p. 103.

18
AN, BB/30/298 (dossier 9843).

19
Stern,
Histoire
, p. 110.

20
Ibid., p. 111; Tocqueville,
Souvenirs
, pp. 43-5; D. Johnson,
Guizot: Aspects of French History 1787-1874
(London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1973), pp. 258-9.

21
AN, BB/30/298 (dossier ‘Dispositions des citoyens ayant combattu contre les troupes'); G. Duveau,
1848: The Making of a Revolution
(London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1967), p. 30, Stern,
Histoire
, p. 122.

22
Ibid., pp. 124-5.

23
Tocqueville,
Souvenirs
, pp. 54-5.

24
Ibid., pp. 60-1.

25
Harsin,
Barricades
, p. 258.

26
Tocqueville,
Souvenirs
, pp. 78-9.

27
A. de Circourt,
Souvenirs d'une Mission à Berlin en 1848
, 2 vols (Paris: Picard, 1908), i, pp. 37-8.

28
G. Flaubert,
L'Education sentimentale
[1869] (Paris: Gallimard, 1965), pp. 314-16. A very useful English version is the recent Penguin edition of
Sentimental Education
, translated by Robert Baldick and annotated by Geoffrey Wall (London, 2004).

29
Stern,
Histoire
, pp. 150-4, 157-8.

30
AN, BB/30/298 (dossier ‘Dispositions des citoyens ayant combattu contre les troupes').

31
T. E. B. Howarth,
Citizen-King: The Life of Louis-Philippe, King of the French
(London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1961), pp. 324-34.

32
Flaubert,
L'Education sentimentale
, pp. 316-18; Stern,
Histoire
, p. 169.

33
Tocqueville,
Souvenirs
, pp. 66, 68, 77-8.

34
Lamartine,
History
, i, p. 89.

35
Quoted in Duveau,
1848
, p. 50.

36
W. H. Stiles,
Austria in 1848-49: Being a History of the Late Political Movements in Vienna, Milan, Venice, and Prague
, 2 vols (New York, 1852), i, p. 96.

37
C. Schurz,
The Reminiscences of Carl Schurz
, 3 vols (London: John Murray, 1909), i, pp. 111, 116.

38
‘Declaration of the Heidelberg Assembly', in F. Eyck,
The Revolutions of 1848-49
(Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd, 1972), pp. 48-50.

39
Stiles,
Austria in 1848-49
, i, p. 102.

40
C. A. Macartney,
The Habsburg Empire, 1790-1918
(London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1968), p. 323.

41
Quoted variously in ibid., p. 323; L. Deme,
The Radical Left in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848
(Boulder and New York: East European Quarterly and Columbia University Press, 1976), p. 15; I. Deak,
The Lawful Revolution: Louis Kossuth and the Hungarians, 1848-1849
[1979] (New York: Columbia University Press, 1979), p. 67.

42
R. J. Rath,
The Viennese Revolution of 1848
[1957] (New York: Greenwood Press, 1969), p. 43-4.

43
Robertson,
Revolutions of 1848
, p. 207; Palmer,
Metternich
, p. 307.

44
August Silberstein, quoted in Rath,
Viennese Revolution
, p. 49.

45
Quoted in Palmer,
Metternich
, p. 309.

46
Fischhof's speech is quoted in full in Rath,
Viennese Revolution
, pp. 59-60.

47
Stiles,
Austria in 1848-49
, i, p. 105.

48
C. von Hügel, ‘The Story of the Escape of Prince von Metternich',
National Review
, vol. 1 (1883), p. 590.

49
Ibid., p. 589.

50
W. Siemann,
The German Revolution of 1848-49
(Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998), pp. 61-2.

51
Rath,
Viennese Revolution
, p. 66.

52
Stiles,
Austria in 1848-49
, i, p. 106.

53
Hügel, ‘The Story', pp. 594-601; Palmer,
Metternich
, p. 310.

54
Quoted in Macartney,
Habsburg Empire
, p. 332.

55
Stiles,
Austria in 1848-49
, i, p. 112.

56
Quoted in Rath,
Viennese Revolution
, p. 85.

57
Quoted in G. Spira,
A Hungarian Count in the Revolution of 1848
(Budapest: Akadèmai Kiadó, 1974), p. 67.

58
L. Deme, ‘The First Soldiers of the Hungarian Revolution: The National Guard in Pest in March-April, 1848', in B. K. Király and G. E. Rothenberg (eds),
War and Society in East Central Europe
, vol. 1,
Special Topics and Generalizations on the 18th and 19th Centuries
(New York: Brooklyn College Press, 1979), p. 82.

59
Quoted in C.-L. Chassin,
Alexandre Petoefi: poète de la révolution hongroise
(Brussels and Paris, 1860), p. 201.

60
Quoted in Deme,
Radical Left
, p. 18; Deak,
Lawful Revolution
, p. 71.

61
Eyewitness Ákos Birányi, quoted in Deme,
Radical Left
, p. 19.

62
Deme, ‘First Soldiers', p. 83.

63
Quoted in Deme,
Radical Left
, p. 20.

64
Quoted in Deak,
Lawful Revolution
, p. 73.

65
S. Z. Pech,
The Czech Revolution of 1848
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1969), pp. 3-4.