1848 (65 page)

66
Ibid., p. 58.

67
Ibid., pp. 66, 68.

68
Stiles,
Austria in 1848-49
, i, p. 377.

69
Quoted in ibid.

70
Pech,
Czech Revolution
, p. 62.

71
Circourt,
Souvenirs
, i, p. 150.

72
Quoted in ibid., p. 125 n.

73
R. Stadelmann,
Social and Political History of the German Revolution
(Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1975), p. 56.

74
Quoted in ibid.

75
Eyck,
Revolutions of 1848-49
, pp. 51-3.

76
Circourt,
Souvenirs
, i, p. 148.

77
Quoted in Eyck,
Revolutions of 1848-49
, p. 53.

78
Anonymous account in ibid., p. 62.

79
Anonymous account in ibid., pp. 63-4.

80
Quoted in G. A. Craig,
The Politics of the Prussian Army 1640-1945
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1955), p. 99.

81
Gerlach and anonymous account in Eyck,
Revolutions of 1848-49
, pp. 64-5.

82
Gerlach in ibid., p. 56.

83
Quoted in Stadelmann,
Social and Political History
, p. 61.

84
Gerlach in Eyck,
Revolutions of 1848-49
, p. 57.

85
Quoted in full in Circourt,
Souvenirs
, i, pp. 172-4.

86
Gerlachin in Eyck,
Revolutions of 1848-49
, p. 58.

87
V. Valentin,
1848: Chapter of German History
(London: Allen and Unwin, 1940), pp. 210-11.

88
Quoted in Robertson,
Revolutions of 1848
, p. 122.

89
Proclamation of 21 March in Eyck,
Revolutions of 1848-49
, pp. 68-9.

90
Quoted in Robertson,
Revolutions of 1848
, p. 122.

91
Siemann,
The German Revolution
, p. 66.

92
O. von Bismarck,
Reflections and Reminiscences
, 2 vols (London, 1898), i, p. 27.

93
Excerpts in Beales and Biagini,
Risorgimento
, pp. 254-5.

94
Ginsborg,
Daniele Manin
, p. 132.

95
J. de Hübner,
Une Année de ma vie, 1848-1849
(Paris, 1891), pp. 22-3.

96
C. Cattaneo, ‘L'Insurrection de Milan en 1848', in
Tutti le opere di Carlo Cattaneo
, ed. L. Ambrosoli, 7 vols (Verona: Arnoldo Mondadori, 1967), iv, pp. 199, 205.

97
Hübner,
Une Année
, p. 54.

98
Ginsborg,
Daniele Manin
, p. 132 n.

99
C. Osio, ‘Alcuni fatti delle Cinque Gloriose Giornate', in F. Della Peruta (ed.),
Milan nel Risorgimento dall'età napoleonica all' Cinque Giornate
(Milan: Edizione Comune dil Milano, 1998), pp. 215-16.

100
Quoted in Ginsborg,
Daniele Manin
, p. 133.

101
Hübner,
Une Année
, p. 60.

102
Cattaneo, ‘L'Insurrection', p. 212.

103
Osio, ‘Alcuni fatti', p. 216.

104
Cattaneo, ‘L'Insurrection', pp. 215, 227.

105
Hübner,
Une Année
, pp. 60-3, 66-78, 80.

106
Cattaneo, ‘L'Insurrection', p. 247.

107
Ibid., p. 219; Robertson,
Revolutions of 1848
, p. 344.

108
Cattaneo, ‘L'Insurrection', p. 228.

109
Hübner,
Une Année
, pp. 78-9, 81-3.

110
Cattaneo, ‘L'Insurrection', pp. 223-5.

111
Ibid., pp. 229-31.

112
Ginsborg,
Daniele Manin
, pp. 135-6.

113
Cattaneo, ‘L'Insurrection', p. 238.

114
Ibid., p. 245.

115
Ibid., p. 245.

116
Ginsborg,
Daniele Manin
, pp. 133, 138-41.

117
Osio, ‘Alcuni fatti', pp. 222-7.

118
Hübner,
Une Année
, pp. 104, 107.

119
Quoted in F. Walker,
The Man Verdi
(London: Dent and Sons, 1962), p. 188.

120
J. Keates,
The Siege of Venice
(London: Chatto and Windus, 2005), pp. 97-104.

121
J. Quero Morales, ‘Spain in 1848', in F. Fejtö (ed.),
The Opening of an Era: 1848, an Historical Symposium
(London: Allan Wingate, 1948), pp. 148, 155-6.

122
R. Carr,
Spain, 1808-1975
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982), p. 242; Rapport,
Nineteenth Century Europe
, pp. 124-5.

123
E. J. Evans,
The Forging of the Modern State: Early Industrial Britain, 1783-1870
(London: Longman, 1983), pp. 261-2.

124
Quoted in J. Saville,
1848: The British State and the Chartist Movement
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), p. 89.

125
Quoted in L. Mitchell, ‘Britain's Reaction to the Revolutions', in R. J. W. Evans and H. Pogge von Strandmann,
The Revolutions in Europe, 1848-49: From Reform to Reaction
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 93.

126
Quoted in Saville,
1848
, p. 105.

127
Quoted in Mitchell, ‘Britain's Reaction', p. 92.

128
Saville,
1848
, p. 112.

129
O'Connor and Jones quoted in Saville,
1848
, p. 119.

130
Quoted in J. P. T. Bury, ‘Great Britain and the Revolution of 1848', in Fejtö,
Opening of an Era
, p. 186.

131
R. Davis,
Revolutionary Imperialist: William Smith O'Brien
(Dublin: Lilliput Press, 1998), p. 224.

132
Ibid., pp. 266-76.

133
This section on Ireland draws heavily on the trenchant pages by J. S. Donnelly, Jr., ‘A Famine in Irish Politics', in W. E. Vaughan (ed.),
A New History of Ireland
, vol. 5,
Ireland under the Union (Part One), 1801-70
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989), pp. 366-71. See also R. F. Foster,
Modern Ireland, 1600-1972
(Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1989), p. 314.

134
Quoted in G. D. Homan, ‘Constitutional Reform in the Netherlands in 1848',
Historian
, vol. 28, no. 3 (May 1966), p. 413.

135
Quoted in ibid., p. 425. See also E. H. Kossmann,
The Low Countries 1780-1940
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978), pp. 192-5.

136
Ibid., p. 195.

137
J. Bartier, ‘Belgium in 1848', in Fejtö,
The Opening of an Era
, pp. 160-6.

138
T. K. Derry,
A History of Scandinavia: Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland and Iceland
(London and Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1979), p. 223.

139
Ibid., pp. 224-5; L. Tissot, ‘The Events of 1848 in Scandinavia', in Fejtö,
Opening of an Era
, p. 170.

140
Quoted in D. Saunders,
Russia in the Age of Reaction and Reform 1801-1881
(London: Longman, 1992), p. 190.

141
Quoted in ibid., p. 170 (‘to meet') and in B. Goriely, ‘The Russia of Nicholas I in 1848', in Fejtö,
Opening of an Era
, p. 394 (‘unless').

142
Quoted in Saunders,
Russia
, p. 171.

143
I. Berlin, ‘Russia and 1848',
Slavonic and East European Review
, vol. 26 (1947-8), p. 348.

144
J. H. Seddon,
The Petrashevtsy: A Study of the Russian Revolutionaries of 1848
(Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1985), pp. 194-5, 208-27; Saunders,
Russia
, p. 194.

145
Quoted in Goriely, ‘Russia of Nicolas I', p. 395.

146
D. Saunders, ‘A Pyrrhic Victory: The Russian Empire in 1848', in Evans and Pogge von Strandmann,
Revolutions in Europe
, pp. 135-55.

147
N. V. Riasonovsky,
A Parting of Ways: Government and the Educated Public in Russia, 1801-1855
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976), pp. 248-90.

148
Berlin, ‘Russia and 1848', p. 358.

149
J. Breuilly, ‘1848: Connected or Comparable Revolutions?', in A. Körner (ed.),
1848: A European Revolution/International Ideas and National Memories of 1848
(Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2000), pp. 32-3.

150
Gerlach in Eyck,
Revolutions of 1848-49
, p. 56.

151
Circourt,
Souvenirs
, i, p. 169.

152
Rémusat in R. Price,
Documents on the French Revolution of 1848
(Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1996), p. 43.

153
Hübner,
Une Année
, pp. 8, 10.

154
Cattaneo, ‘L'Insurrection', p. 252.

155
Hübner,
Une Année
, pp. 95-6.

156
C. Osio, ‘Alcuni fatti', p. 215.

157
Anonymous account in Eyck,
Revolutions of 1848-49
, p. 63.

158
Tocqueville,
Souvenirs
, pp. 56-7.

159
Duveau,
1848
, pp. 53-104.

 

Chapter 3

1
F. Lewald,
A Year of Revolutions: Fanny Lewald's ‘Recollections of 1848'
, trans. H. B. Lewis (Oxford: Berghahn, 1997), p. 24.

2
Heidelberg declaration in Eyck,
Revolutions of 1848-49
, p. 49.

3
For the immediate diplomatic and military reaction to the February revolution, see L. C. Jennings,
France and Europe in 1848: A Study of French Foreign Affairs in Time of Crisis
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973), pp. 1-5.

4
R. C. Canevali, ‘The “False French Alarm”: Revolutionary Panic in Baden, 1848',
Central European History
, vol. 18 (1985), pp. 119-42.

5
Jennings,
France and Europe
, pp. 22-3.

6
L. M. Caussidière,
Mémoires de Caussidière: ex-préfet de police et représentant du peuple
, 2 vols, 3rd edn (Paris, 1849), i, pp. 199-200.

7
E. J. Kisluk,
Brothers from the North: The Polish Democratic Society and the European Revolutions of 1848-1849
(Boulder, Co.: East European Monographs, 2005), p. 33.

8
Quoted in J. D. Randers-Pehrson,
Germans and the Revolution of 1848-1849
(New York: Lang, 1999), p. 323.

9
Kisluk,
Brothers from the North
, p. 38.

10
This is a reference to the massacre on the Champ de Mars on 17 July 1791, when republican petitioners were fired on by the National Guard, who killed some fifty protesters. Prior to this, the Paris authorities, as the law demanded, had raised the red flag to show that martial law had been proclaimed - which is the early origin of the symbolism of that banner.

11
Quoted in Duveau,
1848
, p. 61.

12
Quoted in Saville,
1848
, p. 82.

13
Lamartine,
History
, ii, p. 12. An English translation of the text can be found on pp. 19-24.

14
M. L. Stewart-McDougall,
The Artisan Republic: Revolution, Reaction, and Resistance in Lyon 1848-1851
(Kingston, Montreal, and Gloucester: McGill-Queen's University Press and Alan Sutton, 1984), pp. 50-4.

15
Jennings,
France and Europe
, pp. 54-6; Caussidière,
Mémoires
, i, pp. 201-7.

16
Stewart-McDougall,
Artisan Republic
, pp. 50-4; Jennings,
France and Europe
, pp. 51-3.

17
Ibid., pp. 57-9.

18
Quoted in Siemann,
The German Revolution
, p. 58.

19
Schurz,
Reminiscences
, i, pp. 124-5.

20
Valentin,
1848
, pp. 218-20; Randers-Pehrson,
Germans and the Revolution
, pp. 305-6.

21
Lewald,
Year of Revolutions
, p. 124.

22
Quoted in J. J. Sheehan,
German Liberalism in the Nineteenth Century
(London: Methuen, 1982), p. 54.

23
Valentin,
1848
, pp. 118-20; Robertson,
Revolutions of 1848
, pp. 150-1.

24
Schurz,
Reminiscences
, i, p. 137.

25
Siemann,
German Revolution
, p. 68.

26
Valentin,
1848
, pp. 224-7; Randers-Pehrson,
Germans and the Revolution
, pp. 321-2 (von Arnim is quoted on p. 322).

27
Ibid., pp. 328-9.

28
Jennings,
France and Europe
, pp. 68-9; Valentin,
1848
, pp. 228-9.

29
Randers-Pehrson,
Germans and the Revolution
, pp. 335-6; Valentin,
1848
, p. 231.

30
Randers-Pehrson,
Germans and the Revolution
, pp. 339-41.

31
Quoted in ibid., p. 341.

32
Siemann,
German Revolution
, pp. 69-71.

33
L. Tissot, ‘The Events of 1848 in Scandinavia', in Fejtö,
Opening of an Era
, p. 171.

34
Derry,
History of Scandinavia
, p. 223.

35
Tissot, ‘Events of 1848 in Scandinavia', pp. 168-9, 171-4; Derry,
History of Scandinavia
, p. 224.