Read A Convenient Hatred: The History of Antisemitism Online
Authors: Phyllis Goldstein
Tags: #History, #Jewish, #Social Science, #Discrimination & Race Relations
*
The word
Semitic
does not actually refer to a group of people but to a group of languages traditionally spoken in the Middle East and parts of Africa. Semitic languages include Amharic, a language spoken in Ethiopia, as well as Hebrew and Arabic.
1
Presse
, March 20, 1840, quoted in Ronald Florence,
Blood Libel: The Damascus Affair of 1840
(New York: Other Press, 2006), 114.
2
Philip S. Foner, ed.,
The Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass
, vol. 2 (New York: International Publishers, 1950), 298.
3
Ratti-Menton to Soult, 29 February 1840, no. 16, Ministère des Relations Extérieures Archives: Affaires Étrangères, Turquie: Affaires Diverses (Assassinat du Père Thomas), quoted in Jonathan Frankel,
The Damascus Affair: “Ritual Murder,” Politics, and the Jews in 1840
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 20.
4
Quoted in Howard M. Sachar,
A History of the Jews in the Modern World
(New York: Vintage Books, 2005), 82. Also quoted in David I. Kertzer,
The Popes Against the Jews: The Vatican’s Role in the Rise of Modern Anti-Semitism
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2001), 87.
5
Interrogation of el-Telli, 2 August 1980, Ministère des Relations Extérieures Archives: Affaires Étrangères, Turquie: Affaires Diverses (Assassinat du Père Thomas), 713–714, quoted in Frankel,
The Damascus Affair
, 39.
6
Ministère des Relations Extérieures Archives: Affaires Étrangères, Turquie: Affaires Diverses (Assassinat du Père Thomas), 510–511, quoted in Frankel,
The Damascus Affair
, 37.
7
Chasseaud to Forsyth, 24 March 1840, no. 12, State Department archives, National Archives (Washington, DC), microfilm, quoted in Frankel,
The Damascus Affair
, 67.
8
Achille Laurent,
Relation Historique
, 2:286–287, 289, quoted in Frankel,
The Damascus Affair
, 53.
9
Merlato to Laurin, 23 March 1840, “Affaire des Juifs de Damas,”
Journal des Débats
, quoted in Frankel,
The Damascus Affair
, 97.
10
Alfandari to Lehren, 15 March 1840, “Persécution Excercée contra les Juifs en Orient,”
Archives Israélites de France
, 215, quoted in Frankel,
The Damascus Affair
, 67.
11
Laurin to J. Rothschild, 5 April 1840, in Gelber, Österreich und die Damaskusaffaire, 16–17, quoted in Frankel,
The Damascus Affair
, 104.
12
“Affaire des Juifs de Damas,”
Gazette des Tribunaux
, April 8, 1840, quoted in Frankel,
The Damascus Affair
, 112. Emphasis added.
13
Le Moniteur Universel
, June 3, 1840, quoted in David Vital,
A People Apart: The Jews in Europe, 1789–1939
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 240.
14
Merlato to Crémieux, 7 September 1840, quoted in Frankel,
The Damascus Affair
, 360.
15
“Affaire de Damas,”
Univers
, October 8, 1840, quoted in Frankel,
The Damascus Affair
, 367.
16
Hannah Arendt, quoted in Sachar,
A History of the Jews in the Modern World
, 107–108.
17
“Manifeste de juillet 1860,” André Chouraqui,
L’Alliance Israélite Universelle et la renaissance juive contemporaine
(Paris, 1965), 3:411, quoted in Vital,
A People Apart
, 485–86.
18
In F. Stern,
Gold and Iron: Bismark, Bleichroder and the Building of the German Empire
(London, 1977), 378, quoted in Michael Graetz “Jewry in the Modern Period,” in
Assimilation and Community: The Jews in Nineteenth-Century Europe
, ed. Jonathan Frankel and Steven J. Zipperstein (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 171.
19
Monitorul Oficial
, 24 February 1879, in Iancu,
Les Juifs en Roumanie
, 165, quoted in Vital,
A People Apart
, 503.
20
Wilhelm Marr,
Der Sieg des Judenthums ueber das Germanenthum vom nicht confessionellen Standpunkt ausbetrachtet
(Bern: Rudolph Costenoble, 1879), 30–35, trans. Paul Mendes-Flohr and Jehuda Reinharz, quoted in Mendes-Flohr and Reinharz, eds.,
The Jew in the Modern World: A Documentary History
, 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 331–332.
21
George L. Mosse,
Toward the Final Solution: A History of European Racism
(New York: Howard Fertig, 1978), 92.
*
The actual number of Jews killed during the Kishinev pogrom was about 50, not the 120 originally reported by the
New York Times
.
1
Michael Marrus,
The Politics of Assimilation: The French Community at the Time of the Dreyfus Affair
(Oxford, 1971), 197–201, quoted in Albert S. Lindemann,
The Jew Accused: Three Anti-Semitic Affairs (Dreyfus, Beilis, Frank), 1894–1915
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 92.
2
Theodor Herzl, “A Solution of the Jewish Question,”
The Jewish Chronicle
, January 17, 1896, 12–13, quoted in Paul Mendes-Flohr and Jehuda Reinharz, eds.,
The Jew in the Modern World: A Documentary History
, 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 534.
3
In Salo W. Baron,
The Russian Jew Under Tsars and Soviets
(New York: Macmillan, 1964), 29, quoted in Allan Levine,
Scattered Among the Peoples: The Jewish Diaspora in Twelve Portraits
(Woodstock, NY: Overlook Duckworth, 2003), 207.
4
Alexander Herzen,
My Past and Thoughts: The Memoirs of Alexander Herzen
, trans. Constance Garnett, rev. Humphrey Higgins, 1968 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982), 169–170.
5
Russki Invalid
, 1858, quoted in Howard M. Sachar,
A History of the Jews in the Modern World
(New York: Vintage Books, 2005), 184.
6
Orshanskii,
Evrei v Rossii
71–72, quoted in Stephen M. Berk,
Year of Crisis, Year of Hope: Russian Jewry and the Pogroms of 1881–1882
(Westport: Greenwood Press, 1985), 48.
7
Berk,
Year of Crisis, Year of Hope
, 49.
8
Pauline Wengeroff,
Rememberings: The World of a Russian-Jewish Woman in the Nineteenth Century
, trans. Henny Wenkart (Bethesda: University Press of Maryland, 2000), 221.
9
Razsvet
(St. Petersburg), 19, May 8, 1881, 741–742, quoted in Berk,
Year of Crisis, Year of Hope
, 35–36.
10
Wengeroff,
Rememberings
, 223. Original emphasis.
11
Ibid., 224–225. Original emphasis.
12
Moses Leib Lilienblum to J. L. Gordon,
Derekh Teshuva
, quoted in Lucy S. Dawidowicz, ed.,
The Golden Tradition: Jewish Life and Thought in Eastern Europe
(New York: Schocken Books, 1967), 128–129.
13
The articles in
The Times
were republished in
Persecution of the Jews in Russia 1881
(London: Spottiswoode, 1882), quoted in Berk,
Year of Crisis, Year of Hope
, 66–67.
14
Ibid.
15
Supplement to the Jewish Chronicle
, February 3, 1882, 3, quoted in Berk,
Year of Crisis, Year of Hope
, 68.
16
Nedel’naia khronika Voskhoda
, 7 (February 1882): 163–164, quoted in Berk,
Year of Crisis, Year of Hope
, 69.
17
Iu. Gessen, “Graf N. P. Ignatiev i ‘Vremennyia pravila’ o evreiakh 3 Maia 1882 goda,”
Pravo
3 (1908):1679, quoted in Berk,
Year of Crisis, Year of Hope
, 72–73.
18
Peter A. Zaionchkovsky,
The Russian Autocracy in Crisis
, 1878–1882, trans. Gary Hamburg (Gulf Breeze, FL: Academic International Press, 1979), 265, quoted in Berk,
Year of Crisis, Year of Hope
, 73.
19
Wengeroff,
Rememberings
, 222–223.
20
“Jewish Massacre Denounced,”
New York Times
, April 28, 1903.
1
R. S. Churchill and Martin Gilbert,
Winston S. Churchill
(London, 1966–) 4:913–914, quoted in Paul Johnson,
Modern Times: The World from the Twenties to the Eighties
(New York: Harper & Row, 1983), 13.
2
The American Jewish Committee,
The Jews in the Eastern War Zone
by the American Jewish Committee (New York, 1916), 7.
3
S. Ansky,
The Enemy at His Pleasure: A Journey Through the Jewish Pale of Settlement During World War I
, ed. and trans. Joachim Neugroschel (New York: Henry Holt, 2004), 4–7.
4
Arkhiv Russkoi Revolutsii
(Berlin, 1926), 18:43–4; Michawel Cherniavsky, trans. and ed.,
Prologue to Revolution
(Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1967), 39–43, 56–72, 85–87, 121–123, 194–195, quoted in David Vital,
A People Apart: The Jews in Europe, 1789–1939
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 655.
5
Ibid.
6
“Evreyakaya Zhizn,” August 9, 1915, 19–20, quoted in The American Jewish Committee,
The Jews in the Eastern War Zone
, 62–63.
7
Christian M. Rutishauser, “The 1947 Seelisberg Conference: The Foundation of Jewish-Christian Dialogue,”
Studies in Christian-Jewish Relations
, 2, no. 2 (2007)
http://escholarship.bc.edu/scjr/vol2/iss2/6
.
8
David Lloyd George,
The Truth About the Peace Treaties
(1938), 1119–1122, quoted in Sachar,
A History of the Jews in the Modern World
, 354.
9
H. C. O’Neill,
The Royal Fusiliers in the Great War
(London: William Heinemann, 1922), 26; Ze’ev Jabotinsky,
The Jewish Legion in the World War
(New York, 1945), 164.
10
Semosenko at Proskurov: Comité des Délégations Juives, Paris,
The Pogroms in the Ukraine
(Paris, 1927), 178–187, quoted in Ronald Sanders,
Shores of Refuge: A Hundred Years of Jewish Emigration
(New York: Schocken Books, 1988), 344.
11
Ibid.
12
Ibid., 345.
13
Elias Heifetz,
Slaughter of the Jews in the Ukraine
(New York, 1921) 259, 262, 267, 308, quoted in Benjamin Lieberman,
Terrible Fate: Ethnic Cleansing in the Making of Modern Europe
(Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2006), 144.
14
John Ernest Hodgson,
With Denikin’s Armies
(London, 1932), 54–63, quoted in Sanders,
Shores of Refuge
, 356.
15
Vladimir Burtsev,
Protokoloy Sionskikh Mudretsov
(Paris, 1938) 105–106, quoted in Norman Cohn,
Warrant for Genocide: The Myth of the Jewish World Conspiracy and the “Protocols of the Elders of Zion”
(London: Serif, 1996), 126.
16
Hodgson,
With Denikin’s Armies
, quoted in Sanders,
Shores of Refuge
, 356–357.
17
Henry Morgenthau and French Strother,
All in a Life-Time
(Garden City: Doubleday, Page & Company, 1922), 351.
18
Joseph Tenenbaum,
In Search of a Lost People: The Old and the New Poland
(New York: Beechhurst Press, 1948), 176–177.
19
David Lloyd George,
Memoirs of the Peace Conference
(New Haven, 1939), 2:881, quoted in Sanders,
Shores of Refuge
, 348.
20
Quoted in Saul Friedländer,
Nazi Germany and the Jews
(New York: HarperCollins, 1997), 95.
21
Quoted in Herman Bernstein,
The Truth about “The Protocols of Zion”: A Complete Exposure
(New York: Covici-Friede, 1935), 283.