A Convenient Hatred: The History of Antisemitism (68 page)

Medina,
43
,
44
,
45
,
46
,
47
,
48
,
70
,
326

Mediterranean Sea,
13
,
57

Mehmet II, sultan of Ottoman Empire,
150

Mein Kampf
,
264
,
305
,
328

Meir, Golda,
270
,
317
–318,
341

Melamed, Ariana,
323

Melanchthon, Philipp,
126

Melito,
31

memory and remembrance:
Av ha- Rachamin
,
72

of Holocaust,
286
–287;

in Soviet Union,
321
–322;

testimony at Eichmann trial,
323
–325;

and Wiesel,
355
–356

Menashri, David,
353

Menasseh ben Israel,
166

Mendelssohn, Moses,
158
–161,
163
–164,
177
,
178

merchants, Christian,
73

merchants, Jewish: Alexandria,
13

England,
166
,
169

northern Europe,
57
,
73
,
100
,
122
,
161
,
164

Ottoman Empire,
131
,
133
,
151

Poland,
139

Russia,
226
–227;

Spain,
102
–103.
See also
professions

Mercier, General Auguste,
210
–211

Merkel, Angela,
354
–355

Merlato, Casper,
188
–190,
195

Meshullam, Nathan ben,
81

Messina, Sicily,
93
–94

Metternich, Prince of Austria,
178

Meyer, Eduard,
178

Michaelis, Johann David,
163
,
164

Middle East: and antisemitism,
299
,
311
,
325
,
343
–344,
348
,
353

and anti-Zionism,
299
,
325
,
333
,
348

Black Death in,
94
–95,
97
–98;

and Britain,
302
–303,
309
,
315

Cold War,
313

conflicts, post 1945,
328
–331,
334
–335,
346

Crusades,
64
,
70
–71;

and Islamic Empire,
53
,
55

and Ottoman Empire,
110
,
131
,
150
,
154
,
199
,
240

and Roman Empire,
20
–21,
39

migration and immigration: to the Americas,
110
–111;

to Babylonia,
9

and Black Death,
102

from Europe post-1945,
293
,
306

exodus of Jews from Egypt,
15

maps,
137
,
293
,
331

from Muslim nations post-1945,
328

from Nazi Germany,
270
–271;

to the Netherlands,
135

to Ottoman Empire,
110
,
150
–151;

to Palestine,
224
,
305
–306,
307

to Poland,
138

from Russia,
224

from Soviet Union,
325
,
332
–333;

from Spain,
108
–110,
130

to the United States,
201
,
224
,
254
–256,
306

Mikhoels, Solomon,
316

Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda,
265

Minorities Treaty,
247
–248,
253

Mischlinge
(“mixed race”),
269

Mishnah,
30

Moldavia,
199

money lending, moneylenders,
73
,
99
–100,
101
,
102
,
105
,
139
,
144
,
169
,
172
,
173
,
174
–175,
190
,
226

monotheism,
8
,
21
,
50

Montefiore, Moses,
193
–195,
197

Morès, Marquis de,
208
–209

Morgenthau, Henry, Jr.,
247
,
283

Morocco,
95
,
103
,
329

Mortara case,
196
–198

Moses,
9
,
15
,
36
,
43
,
46
,
58
,
69
,
84
,
121

Mossad,
343
–344

Mosse, George,
204

Mounier, Emmanuel,
294

Mount Uhud,
46

Mueshullam,
10

Muhammad,
42
–44,
45
,
46
,
47
,
48
,
303
,
335

Müller, Filip,
278
–279

Murrow, Edward R.,
282
–283

Muslim Brotherhood: founding,
302

Israel, opposition to,
308
,
310
,
326
,
330
,
335

Sadat, Anwar al-, assassination of,
334

and violence in Egypt,
327
–328;

West, opposition to,
343

Muslims, Islam: beliefs,
73
,
151
,
358

Black Death, response to,
95
,
98

and Christian Spain,
102
–103,
107

and the Crusades,
61
,
63
–64,
70
–71,
78

Islamic Empire,
48
–50;

and Israel,
224
,
335

and Muhammad’s teachings,
42
–48;

Muslim Brotherhood,
335
,
343

and Ottoman Empire,
151
–153,
155

scholars,
114
,
356
,
358

Spain, expulsion from,
108

N

Nad
ī
r,
43
,
46
,
47

Naguib, Muhammad,
327

Nancy, Bishop of,
171
–172

Naples, Kingdom of,
108

Napoleon, Louis, emperor of France,
200

Nasi, Doña Gracia Mendes,
131
–133

Nasrallah, Sayyid Hasan,
344

Nasser, Gamal Abdul, president of Egypt,
302
,
327
,
329

Nathan of Gaza,
155

National Assembly,
171
,
172

National Conference of Christians and Jews,
297

National Front,
351

National German Parliament,
180

National Guard,
350
–351

nationalism: antisemitism, impact on,
184
,
223

Arab,
240
,
248
,
302
,
326
–328,
331

black Zionism,
333
–334;

and Cold War,
313

and “divided loyalties,”
161
,
171
,
181
,
256

in eastern Europe,
199

German,
177
,
181
,
204
,
261
–262;

Jewish,
240
,
248
,
299
,
314
–315,
334

Russian,
242
,
349

and Soviet Union,
316

and World War I,
233
,
246

National Movement for the Restoration of Pakistani Sovereignty,
345

National Origins Act,
256

National Socialist German Workers’ Party.
See
Nazis, Nazi Party

Naturalization Act,
168

Nazis, Nazi Party: antisemitic ideology,
265
–269,
273
,
276
,
277
–278,
292
,
346
,
349
,
355

Arab nationalists, influence on,
300
–302,
304
–305;

Luther’s
influence on,
125

Nuremburg trials,
316
,
323

post–World War II,
294
,
297
–298,
334
,
346
,
349
,
355

rise to power,
262
,
264
–265;

Soviet Union, views of,
332

and Vichy France,
279

Netherlands: Calvinism,
134

inquisition,
134

religious freedom,
135

World War I,
260

World War II,
272
–273

New Testament,
26
,
28
,
37
,
84
,
87
,
168
,
298

Nicene Creed,
33

Nicholas II, tsar,
228
,
230
,
244

Nicholas I, tsar,
216
–218

Nickels, Shahid,
343

Nile River,
9
,
11
,
13

Ninety-Five Theses (Luther),
116

Nkrumah, Kwame,
333

North Africa: antisemitism,
299
,
311

Black Death,
94
,
97
–98;

and Israel,
329
–331;

Jewish education,
198

and Ottoman Empire,
110
,
150
,
185

and Roman Empire,
39

Spain, invasion of,
103
,
110

World

War II,
277

Nostra Aetate
,
322

Norwich, England,
75
,
76
,
77
,
79

Nugrashi, Mahmud Fahmi al-,
327