Authors: Adam Zamoyski

B009YBU18W EBOK (91 page)

3.
A.H. Damas, I/118.

4.
Montesquiou-Fezensac, 226–7; Sanguszko, 93; Thirion, 201.

5.
The question of how deserted Moscow really was is difficult to answer with any precision. Naryshkina (163) writes that there were still 100,000 inhabitants left on 13 September, and although there was a final exodus on the 14th, this would have left a large number still in the city. Prince Eugène, who was quartered in the city, states (VIII/48) that there were between 80,000 and 100,000. Soltyk (270) claims that more than half of the inhabitants had remained in the city, but were invisible as they cowered in cellars, at the backs of houses or in out-of-the way areas. Postmaster Karfachevsky (Shchukin, V/165) claimed 20,000 people stayed behind; Ysarn, 41, maintains that many left only on account of the fire, and returned once it had died down. There were also, according to Ségur (V/57), as many as 10,000 Russian soldiers wandering the city. See also Bourgogne, 16.

6.
Bourgogne, 16; Fantin des Odoards, 332; Lejeune,
Memoires
, II/222.

7.
Soltyk, 274.

8.
Holzhausen, 128.

9.
The question of who started the fire has been studied to pieces, mainly because Rostopchin himself (La
Vérité
, 183) decided to deny it at one point, and because a number of Russians wanted to pin responsibility on the French. See also
Pravda o pozhare Moskvy
, in Rostopchin,
Sochinienia
, 201–54. The French contributed to the confusion by overegging the conspiracy: many of them claimed they saw incendiary rockets being fired (Seruzier, 219; Berthézène, II/65), others to have found fuses, explosive devices and other incendiary aids (Bourgoing,
Souvenirs
, 116–17; Berthézène, II/68–9; Caulaincourt, II/16; Laugier, Récits, 99; Lejeune, Souvenirs, II/365; Castellane, I/162), and others to have seen incendiaries at work (Caulaincourt, II/12–13; Constant, V/93–4; Laugier,
Récits
, 99; Ségur, V/45–6; Rapp, 182), while the commission set up by Napoleon to investigate the fire (Shchukin, I/129–43) conjured a huge conspiracy, involving even Rostopchin’s famous balloon. There can be little doubt that Rostopchin did initiate the firing of the city, and in various utterances he revealed how proud he was of it
(La Vérité
, 181). For the facts, see the short version in S.P. Melgunov,
Kto zzheg Moskvu
, in Dzhivelegov et al., IV/162. For a full discussion, see Olivier Daria’s exhaustive work. For Rostopchin’s order to remove the pumps, see Garin, 21.

10.
O’Meara, I/196; Dedem, 255; Larrey, IV/73–4; see also: Lecointe de Laveau, 114; Fantin des Odoards, 335; Boulart, 261.

11.
Chambray, II/124.

12.
Adam,
Aus dem Leben
, 208; Holzhausen, 129; Boulart, 262.

13.
On the looting: Bourgogne, 20ff: Duverger, 10; Brandt 288; Kallash, 37ff, 57, 185ff; Kurz, 95; Surruges, 43; La Flise, LXXII/56; Ysarn; Timofeev; Bozhanov; Pion des Loches, 300–2;
1812 god v Vospominaniakh, perepiske i raskazakh
, 7–10; Barrau, 80, 84–5; Laugier,
Récits
, 103; Garin, 66; Chambray, II/122–4; 1812
god v Vospominaniakh sovremennikov
, 51, 61; Shchukin, I/126.

14.
Labaume, 226.

15.
Duverger, 9; Fantin des Odoards, 337.

16.
Dolgova, in
Otechestvennaia Voina 1812. Istochniki etc
. (1999), 30–73.

17.
Lecointe de Laveau, 122; Ysarn, 41; Henckens, 134.

18.
O’Meara, I/193; Surrugues (39) states that four-fifths of the city was destroyed, but more recent studies have reached a lower estimate. Berthézène (II/74) claims the fire did not deprive the army of anything it needed. Dedem (256) supports this. See also note 29 below.

19.
Caulaincourt, II/41.

20.
Fain,
Manuscrit
, II/94–7; Rapp, 184.

21.
Caulaincourt, II/25–9.

22.
S. Glinka,
Podvigi
, 69–71; Fain,
Manuscrit, II
/99–103.

23.
Stchoupak, 46; Fain,
Manuscrit
, II/104.

24.
Napoleon,
Correspondance
, XXIV/221–2.

25.

K Istorii Otechestvennoi Voiny
, 59–61.

26.
Ségur, V/75.

27.
Caulaincourt, II/49.

28.
Ibid., 22, 24, 57–8, 64–7.

29.
According to Dumas (III/446) there were enough stores for a short stay, but not for the whole winter; Davout (Boqueville, III/176–8) claims there were three months’ supplies; according to Daru (Segur, V/92) there were enough for the whole winter; Villemain (I/230) reports the same; Bellot de Kergorre (65–6) states that the only area where supplies were short was in fodder for horses; see also Larrey, IV/77; Chambray, II/132ff; Napoleon,
Correspondance
, XXIV/222.

30.
Hogendorp, 324.

31.
Rapp, 185.

32.
Pouget, 204–5.

33.
Coignet, 196.

34.
Ségur, IV/277, 280; Bellot de Kergorre, 64; Chambray, I/250–1; Hochberg, 69.

35.
Roeder, 152; Hochberg, 68, 78; Napoleon,
Dernières Lettres Inédites
(1903), 282; Bignon,
Souvenirs
, 232, 239–40; Beyle,
Corr. Gen., II
/362ff, 376; Chambray, I/249; Ségur, IV/280.

36.
Bellot de Kergorre, 61–4; Napoleon,
Correspondance
, XXIV/225, 226; Napoleon,
Lettres Inédites
(1935), 86–7. Fain,
Manuscrit, II
/134.

37.
Dolgov, 171, 290; Zotov, 584.

38.
Alexander,
Corr. avec sa soeur
, 83; Adams, II/404–5.

39.
Voenskii,
Sviashchennoi Pamiati
, 168, 171; Kutuzov,
Dokumenty
, 199–200.

40.
Voenskii,
Sviashchennoi Pamiati
, 172.

41.
Alexander,
Corr. avec sa soeur
, 83.

42.
Ibid., 84, 90; Grech, 279; Adams, II/414, 404–5.

43.
Edling, 75, 79–80.

44.
Shishkov, 157; Alexander,
Corr. avec Bernadotte
, 37–8.

Chapter 15: Stalemate

1.
Kallash, 212.

2.
Kutuzov,
Dokumenty
, 204–5, 209; Dokhturov, 1099;
1812 god
. Voennie
Dnevniki
, 144; Garin, 18; Radozhitskii, 165, 172

3.
A.N. Popov,
Dvizhenie
, Sept 1897, 623–4; Marchenko, 503; Kharkievich,
Barclay de Tolly v Otechestvennoi voinie
, 34–5; Clausewitz, 195; Simanskii, 1913 No. 2, 168–9.

4.
Maistre, I/194–5.

5.
Shishov,
Nieizvestny
, 241.

6.
See Lazhechnikov, I/181ff; Beskrovny,
Narodnoe Opolchenie
, 459; Hartley, Russia
in 1812
, 401; Butenev, 1883, 6; F. Glinka,
Pisma Russkavo Ofitsera
, IV/74.

7.
Dzhivelegov et al., V/43–74, esp. 50, 51, 53; Hartley,
Russia in 1812
, 400; Beskrovny,
Narodnoe Opolchenie
, 132, 345, 60, 62, 65, 132; Sverbeev, 74; 1812
god
v
Vospominaniakh, perepiskie i raskazakh
, 87.

8.
Tarle,
Nashestvie
, 199; Chicherin, 46; Rosselet, 166–7.

9.
Kallash, 212; Bakunina, 408–9; Tarle,
Nashestvie
, 71–2; Muravev, 202; Kallash, 212; Kutuzov,
Dokumenty
, 224–5; 1812
god v Vospominaniakh, perepiske i raskazakh
, 104.

10.
Bestuzhev-Riumin,
Zapiski
, 349.

11.
Uxküll, 75; Compans, 157.

12.
Jackowski, 298–9; Gajewski, 239; Chlapowski, 125; Seruzier, 223–4; Roos, 99–100; Berthézène, II/76- 7; Vionnet de Maringoné, 21–2; Dedem, 254; Roos, 99–100.

13.
Holzhausen, 135; Bertolini, 319.

14.
S. Glinka,
Zapiski
, 255.

15.
Shchukin, IV/347; Leontiev, 408–9.

16.
Voronovskii, 248–9.

17.
Benckendorff, 49–51.

18.
Dzhivelegov et al., V/81.

19.
Vigel, IV/49; 1812
god v Vospominaniakh, perepiske i raskazach
, 36, 102, 104.

20.
Chicherin, 47.

21.

1812 god v Vospominaniakh, perepiske i raskazakh
, 62.

22.
Uxküll, 75.

23.
Dzhivelegov et al., IV/230.

24.
Ibid.; Sukhanin, 483; Wilson,
Diary
, I/174, 200, 209; Uxküll, 88; Dolgov, 327; Muravev, 203.

25.
Déchy, 369; Dzhivelegov et al., IV/230.

26.

1812 god v Vospominaniakh sovremennikov
, 162.

27.
Labaume, 174–5; repeated by Ségur, IV/411; Shchukin, II/202; Andreev, 193.

28.
F. Glinka,
Zapiski Russkavo Ofitsera
, IV/32.

29.
Volkonskii, 211–12; Beskrovny,
Polkovodets
, 349; Grabbe, 472–3; Langeron, 105; Tarle,
Nashestvie
, 190–1, 247–8, 250; Garin, 94–100, 100–2, 105–6, 109;
Tezisy Nauchnoi Konferentsii
, 66; Tarle,
Napoleon
, 419–20.

30.
Bogdanov, 88, 96; Troitskii, 1812
, Velikii God
, 223–4.

31.
Grunwald,
Baron Stein
, 195–213; Palitsyn, 479.

32.
Edling, 75; Grech, 285–6; Ley, 52–4, 55–9.

33.
A.N. Popov,
Dvizhenie
, Sept. 1897, 626.

34.

1812 god. Voennie dnevniki
, 144; A.N. Popov,
Dvizhenie
, Sept. 1897, 623, 626; Uxküll, 88; Hartley,
Russia in
1812; Ermolov, 27.

35.
Radozhitskii, 172.

36.
Voenskii,
Sviashchennoi Pamiati
, 140–1.

37.
Popov,
Dvizhenie
, 519, 525; Bennigsen,
Zapiski
, 507; Clausewitz, 185–6.

38.
1812
god, Voennie Dnevniki
, 95; Mitarevskii, 101.

39.
Mitarevskii, 100.

40.
Viazemskii, 202, 206.

41.
1812
god v Vospominaniakh sovremennikov
, 117.

Chapter 16: The Distractions of Moscow

1.
Beauharnais, VIII/50; Beyle, Vie
de Napoléon
, 219.

2.
Bausset, II/113, 183; Saint-Denis, 42; Castellane, I/161; Caulaincourt, II/23.

3.
Fain,
Manuscrit
, I/129, 131, 140, 142; Napoleon,
Correspondance
, XXIV/232, 233

4.

Lettres Interceptées
, 310.

5.
Ibid., 25, 34, 84, 106, 59.

6.
Barrau, 89.

7.
Vionnet de Maringoné, 43.

8.
Dolgova in
Otechestvennaia Voina 1812 g. Istochniki, etc
. (1999).

9.
Kallash, 189; Shchukin, IX/78–82.

10.
Kozlovskii, 113; Chevalier, 208; Adam,
Aus dem Leben
, 213;
1812 god v Vospominaniakh, perepiskie i raskazakh
, 18; Lecointe de Laveau, 125–6; Beyle,
Journal
, IV/209.

11.
Shchukin, VII/214.

12.
Larrey, IV/65;
Lettres Interceptées
, 80; Gardier, 58.

13.
Chlapowski, 127.

14.

Lettres Interceptées, 67
.

15.
Bourgoing, Souvenirs, 134.

16.
Duverger, 11–12.

17.
Fantin des Odoards, 339–40.

18.
Griois, II/55; La Flise, LXXII/55.

19.
Compans, 196–8;
Lettres Interceptées
, 97.

20.

Lettres Interceptées
, 22, 61.

21.
Peyrusse,
Lettres Inédites
, 96ff; 103;
Lettres Interceptées
, 80; Bloqueville, III/174; Sanguszko, 107.

22.
Placzkowski, 201; Vionnet de Maringoné, 53; Lecointe de Laveau, 125–7; Soltyk, 318–19.