Oresme, Nicole d,'
Ovid
Â
Â
Packard, Norman
Palapa B-2 satellite
Palmer, Tim
Panic of 1837
paradox
parameters
Parrondo's paradox
Pascal, Blaise
Pascal's Triangle
Pascal's Wager
Pasteur, Louis
Pausanias
pea plants
Pearl Harbor attack (1941)
Pearson, Karl
pebble urns
Peirce, Charles
Peninsular campaign (1862)
Penrose, Roger
People v. Collins
Pepys, Samuel
perpetual motion
Petty, William
Phenomena
(Aratus)
photons
physics:
laws of
“moral,”
Newtonian
quantum
reversibility in
Pilate, Pontius
pi (Ï) value
placebo effect
Plan Cabinet
Plato
Plimsoll, Samuel
Plutarch
p
-number
Poincaré, Henri
Poisson's curve
poker (game)
polio
Polypill
pool (game)
Pope, Alexander
population
positron emission tomography (PET) scans
poverty
power law
prayer
Price, Richard
Priestley, Joseph
Principle of Insufficient Reason
Principle of Restricted Choice
Principles of Science
(Jevons)
Prior Analytics
(Aristotle)
prisoner's dilemma
probability:
accuracy in
a posteriori
approach to
a priori
approach to
bias in
calculation of
conditional
distribution of
equivalencies in
expectation in
frequency in
inference from
for insurance industry
intrinsic
inverse
judgments based on
legal
as likelihood
medical application of
military application of
misinterpretation of
moral dimension of
odds expressed by
power law in
prediction in
reality and
repetition in
science of
social context for
statistical analysis of,
see
statistics
subjectivist
theory of
truth and
uncertainty analyzed by,
probability (
cont.
)
variables in
in warfare
in weather forecasts
“problem of points,”
profiling
property, private
Prosecutor's Fallacy
psychopaths
Ptolemy
Pujol, Juan
Pushkin, Aleksandr
Pygmy
Â
Â
qualities
quantum mechanics
quartiles
Queen of Spades, The
(Pushkin)
Quetelet, Adolphe
Quincunx
Â
Â
Rabelais, François
radiation treatment
radio waves
railroads
raisin crop
RAND Corp.
randomized double blind clinical trial
randomness:
advantages of
chance as expression of
definition of
forecasting and
generators of
mathematical
patterns in
in statistical samples
as stochastic process
variation and
in warfare
in weather forecasts
see also
chaos theory
“random walk,”
Rapaport, Anatol
Razz (card game)
reality:
abnormal
deterministic
interpretation of
normal
preconceptions of
probability and
representations of
scale of
reason, reasoning:
abductive
brain function in
common sense as
faith vs.
first principles in
intuition vs.
irrationality vs.
judgments based on
legal
social change and
see also
logic
Reed, Walter
regression to the mean
Reign of Terror
Reisswitz, Baron von
Restricted Choice, Principle of
Rhetoric
(Aristotle)
Richardson, Lewis Fry
risk:
assessment of
benefit vs.
capacity for
diversification of
exposure to
inherent
minimum chance of maximum (“minimax”)
personal
rate of
reduction of
social
transfer of
Risueño d'Amador, François-Benjamin-Isidore
Rock, The
(Eliot)
Rodney, George Brydges, Admiral
Roman Empire
Rossmo, Kim
Rothamsted Agricultural Experimental Station
roulette
ball trajectory in
probabilities in
randomness in
tables for
Royal McBee computer
Royal Society
Royal Statistical Society
rubella
Ruelle, David
Rutherford, Ernest
R. v. Adams
Â
Â
Saint Petersburg Paradox
Saints, battle of the
Samuel
Sanchy, Hierome
satellites
Saul
Schauble, Barney
Schlieffen Plan
science:
agronomic
data in
ethics of
experimental method in
fallibility of
hypotheses in
logical basis of
medieval
natural
observation in
physical laws of
probability as basis of
standardization of
statistical analysis in
truth in
Scotland
Sebek-hotep
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Seneca
Senn, Stephen
September 11th, 2001 terrorist attacks
sets:
empty
infinite
intersection of
measure of
members of
sub-
theory of
union of
Shakespeare, William
Shannon, Claude
Shining Path
Shubik, Mark
Simon de Montfort
Sinclair, John
sine-curves
smallpox
Smith, Adam
Smith, Sydney
Snow, John
Socrates
solar radiation
solar system
solitaire
Sophists
sortilege
Soult, Nicolas-Jean de Dieu
Southern Oscillator
Soviet Union
Stalin, Joseph
standard deviation
Statistical Account of Scotland
(Sinclair)
statistical mechanics
statistics
average (arithmetic mean) in
bias in
calculation in
change measured by
collective analysis in
correlation in
data for
distribution in
economic
error in
governmental
for groups
health
historical development of
insurance
interpretation of
invention of
legal
mathematical basis of
medical
military application of
moral implications of
non-linear
normal conditions in
percentages in
power in
randomness in,
see
randomness
samples for
in science
significance in
social
standard deviation in
variables in
steam power
stochastic processes
stochastic resonance
stochastic simulation
stock market
strange attractors
Strindberg, August
“Student” (
see
Gossett, W. J.)
Student's
t
-test
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
Sun Tzu
superphosphate
superstition
Supreme Court, U.S.
surgery
Süssmilch, Johann
“swarm intelligence,”
Swiss Re
syllogisms
symmetry
synchronous observations
systems:
communications
deterministic
energy states in
friction in
meaning of
micro-states in
non-linear
physical
scale of
stable
Â
Â
Tacitus
Talmud
Tambora eruption (1816)
Tartaglia, Niccolò
taxation
telegraph
telephone
Tenenbaum, Joshua
terrorism
Theophrastus
theorems
Théorie analytique
(Laplace)
Theory of Games and Economic Behavior, The
(von Neumann and Morgenstern)
thermodynamics
Thermopylae, battle of
“The Run,”
Thomas à Kempis
Thorp, Edward
three-card monte (Find the Lady)
Thucydides
time
Time
Timeform
Times
(London)
time-series
TIT FOR TAT program
Tocqueville, Alexis de
Tolstoy, Leo
Torah
Torricelli, Evangelista
Traité du triangle arithmétique
(Pascal)
transport equation
trembling hand
principle
Triangle
triangles
troposphere
Truman, Harry S.
truth:
absolute
clarity and
divine
experiential
intrinsic
legal
probability and
received
relative
scientific
self-evident
uncertainty of
validity vs.
t
-test
tuberculosis
turbulence
Turnbull, Colin
Tversky, Amos
Â
Â
Ulam, Stanislaw
United States:
agriculture in
health care in
legal system of
United States: (cont.)
military strategy of
nuclear weapons of
population of
satellite program of
weather forecasts in
usury
utility, utility function
Â
Â
vaccines
value:
absolute
monetary
relative
true
van Riper, Paul
variation, variables
Vegetius, Flavius
velocity
Venus (dice throw)
Venus (planet)
Vespasian, Emperor of Rome
Viagra
Vietnam War
Vinson, Donald
Virgil
vision
Voie royale, La
(Malraux)
von Neumann, John
Â
Â
Wakefield, Andrew
Wald, Nicholas
Waldegrave, Earl
Walter of Henley
War and Peace
(Tolstoy)
warfare
alliances in
art of
beliefs in
British strategy in
casualties in
deterrence in
discipline in
escalation of
expectation in
game theory and
Greco-Roman sources on
information in
irrationality of
leadership in
mathematical analysis of
medieval
naval
negotiation in
non-linear nature of
nuclear
political aspect of
prisoner's dilemma in
probability in
randomness in
simulations of (war games)
strategy in
tactics in
by terrorists
total
unpredictability of
U.S. strategy for
utility in
variables in
victory in
weather forecasts in
Waterloo, battle of
Weak Law of Large Numbers
wealth:
accumulation of
gambling and
landed (fixed)
marginal utility of
sudden
Weather Book, The
(Fitzroy)
Weather Factory
weather forecasts
atmospheric pressure in
barometric readings in
British
chaos theory and
climate change and