Authors: Jim Newton
42
even at Gromyko:
Sept. 26, 1959, entry, Transcript of Diary, 1959–60, box 1, Kistiakowsky Papers.
43
quick trip to Gettysburg:
Ibid.
44
in Gettysburg fifteen minutes later:
Sept. 26, 1959, Presidential Appointment Books.
45
out the window of the car:
Barbara Eisenhower, oral history interview, p. 6.
46
“benign and entertaining guest”:
DDE,
Waging Peace
, p. 444.
47
waited for his return:
Sept. 26, 1959, Presidential Appointment Books.
48
did not reply:
DDE,
Waging Peace
, p. 446.
49
“This ends the whole affair”:
Ibid., p. 447.
50
would publicly acknowledge it:
Addendum to Sept. 26, 1959, entry, Transcript of Diary, 1959–60, box 1, Kistiakowsky Papers.
51
not to translate the remark:
Memorandum of Conversation, Sept. 27, 1959, Lot 64 D 560, CF 1475, Conference Files, State Department, in
FRUS Eastern Europe Region, Soviet Union, Cyprus, 1958–60
, vol. 10, p. 483.
52
“if you could explain to us”:
Aug. 12, 1959, news conference, APP.
53
one in four who disapproved:
Presidential Job Approval, APP, at
http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/data/popularity.php
.
54
in reality he always had been:
Whitman, special entry for week of Aug. 7–15, 1959, Aug. 1959 (2) folder, box 11, ACW Diary Series, Whitman File.
55
“I said it just didn’t sound”:
Whitman to DDE, note, Aug. 14, 1959, Aug. 1959 (1) folder, box 11, ACW Diary Series, Whitman File.
56
“He leaves one with a strange impression”:
Dec. 4 and 7–10, 1959, entries, Transcript of Diary, 1959–60, box 1, Kistiakowsky Papers.
57
“a Russian worker”:
Kharlamov and Vadeyev,
Face to Face with America
, p. 385.
58
voiced their approval of the trip:
Gallup poll, Sept. 27, 1959.
59
to grant him asylum:
414th NSC Meeting, July 23, 1959, box 11, NSC Series, Whitman File.
60
emergent Che Guevara:
432nd NSC Meeting, Jan. 14, 1960, box 12, NSC Series, Whitman File.
61
blockade Cuba:
Ibid.
62
compare the Cuban leader to Hitler:
429th NSC Meeting, Dec. 16, 1959, box 12, NSC Series, Whitman File.
63
without America’s efforts being exposed:
Ibid.
64
“knows absolutely nothing”:
July 30, 1959, and Feb. 10, 1960, entries, Transcript of Diary, 1959–60, box 1, Kistiakowsky Papers.
65
misunderstood the basic responsibilities of his job:
March 16, 1960, entry, Transcript of Diary, 1959–60, box 1, Kistiakowsky Papers.
66
as a “bum”:
John Eisenhower, interview with author, Oct. 7, 2010.
67
“When you get that angry”:
Ibid.
68
The United States did not need any practice:
436th NSC Meeting, March 10, 1960, box 12, NSC Series, Whitman File.
69
options before the NSC:
March 10, 1960, entry, Transcript of Diary, 1959–60, box 1, Kistiakowsky Papers.
70
six of the seven best since World War II:
DDE,
Waging Peace
, p. 455.
71
“these people must solve their own problems”:
Aug. 25, 1959, news conference, APP.
72
steel in foreign markets:
Memorandum on the Steel Strike, Aug. 6, 1959, Steel Strike 1959 folder, box 35, Administration Series, Whitman File.
73
“sick and tired”:
Sept. 28, 1959, news conference, APP.
74
reporting back to the president:
Executive Order 10843.
75
from further damage:
Statement by the President, Oct. 19, 1959, APP.
76
“I cannot possibly describe”:
DDE to Katherine Boyce Tupper Marshall, Oct. 16, 1959, doc. 1346, HP.
77
“until the cranberry industry”:
Introduction to
Cranberry Scare of 1959
, by Barbara Constable, DDEPL.
78
“a deed as awful”: Life
, Nov. 23, 1959.
79
“ill informed, ill advised and irresponsible”:
Ibid.
80
drank a glass of cranberry juice:
Kistiakowsky,
Scientist at the White House
, p. 209.
81
“For the first time in the history of the world”:
Rachel Carson,
Silent Spring
, p. 15.
82
“I urged him to do so”:
Kistiakowsky,
Scientist at the White
House, p. 210.
83
at noon the next day:
Dec. 3 and 4, 1959, Presidential Appointment Books.
84
they shared the same name:
John Eisenhower,
Strictly Personal
, p. 269.
85
“What’s new?”:
DDE,
Waging Peace
, p. 512.
86
“Now let’s see how the experts do it”:
Slater,
The Ike I Knew
, p. 214.
87
“So far as I know”:
March 16, 1960, news conference, APP.
88
only “eventually”:
March 30, 1960, news conference, APP. The issue of blacks being denied service was brought embarrassingly to Ike’s attention a few months later when Michel Gallin-Douathe, newly appointed ambassador from the Central African Republic, left a meeting with the president and headed back for New York. He stopped at a restaurant near Baltimore and was refused service. Eisenhower wrote him a consoling letter and pledged that the government would continue its efforts to eradicate such discrimination. See DDE to Gallin-Douathe, Nov. 14, 1960, doc. 1705, HP.
89
subsidized by the federal government:
Whitman, March 22, 1960, entry, March 1960 (1) folder, box 11, ACW Diary Series, Whitman File.
90
“it is in the interests”:
DDE to Khrushchev, March 12, 1960, doc. 1454, HP.
91
“very significant and welcome development”:
DDE to Khrushchev, April 1, 1960, doc. 1493, HP.
92
“very interesting, very positive”:
Pedlow and Welzenbach,
CIA and the U-2 Program
, p. 101.
93
could endanger the Paris Summit:
Ibid., p. 172.
94
he went silent:
Ibid., p. 176.
95
infuriating Hagerty:
Whitman, May 5, 1960, entry, May 1960 folder, box 11, ACW Diary Series, Whitman File.
96
“Go ahead”:
DDE, interview with Relman “Pat” Morin, Jan. 3, 1967, p. 27, box 53, 1967 Principal File, Post-presidential Papers, DDEPL.
97
fell to earth:
Pedlow and Welzenbach,
CIA and the U-2 Program
, p. 178.
98
regarded as “best case”:
Ibid., p. 179.
99
“May Day turned out to be”:
Ibid., p. 176.
100
His film was recovered:
For many years, American officials harbored doubts about Powers’s actions. Some initially believed that he had defected and landed the plane intact (see, for instance, Kistiakowsky,
Scientist at the White House
, p. 324). So grave were the suspicions regarding his conduct that a special panel was convened after his eventual return to the United States to examine whether he was entitled to his back pay for his time in Soviet captivity. Powers was eventually vindicated and awarded his pay. He retired from the CIA and went to work for a Los Angeles radio station flying its traffic plane and later worked as a helicopter pilot for KNBC, also in Los Angeles. On Aug. 1, 1977, he crashed and died. He is buried at Arlington National Cemetery.
101
“all the years of humiliation”:
Taubman,
Khrushchev
, p. 446.
102
pressure on the Soviet state:
Editorial note, in
FRUS 1958–60
, vol. 10, p. 510.
103
high-altitude weather research:
NASA files, at
http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/gallery
/photo/U-2/HTML/E-5442.html
.
104
“I must tell you a secret”:
Taubman,
Khrushchev
, p. 457.
105
“What did he need all this for”:
Ibid.
106
take responsibility and resign:
Pedlow and Welzenbach,
CIA and the U-2 Program
, p. 180.
107
“I would like to resign”:
Whitman, May 9, 1960, entry, May 1960 folder, box 11, ACW Diary Series, Whitman File.
108
authorized flights, the statement added:
State Department’s May 9, 1960, press release, May 11, 1960, folder, box 67, Pre–Press Conference Material, Staff Files, Hagerty Papers.
109
“betrayal by General Eisenhower”:
Taubman,
Khrushchev
, p. 458.
110
“a distasteful but vital necessity”:
State Department’s May 9, 1960, press release.
111
unlikely to overreact to it:
Memo from Ed McCabe to Whitman on senators’ breakfast, May 11, 1960, Staff Notes, May 1960 (2), box 50, DDE Diary Series, Whitman File.
112
“at an end”:
Memorandum of Conference with the President, May 15, 1960, 4:30 p.m., Staff Notes, May 1960 (1), box 50, DDE Diary Series, Whitman File.
113
“If this matter”:
Ibid.
114
heartwarming words:
Ibid.
115
“wildly chaotic day”: New York Herald Tribune
, European ed., May 18, 1960.
116
grilling steaks:
John Eisenhower, exchange with author, Sept. 30, 2010.
117
anyone from his administration argue otherwise:
Kistiakowsky,
Scientist at the White House
, pp. 335–36.
118
“I leave Paris with”:
DDE to de Gaulle, May 18, 1960, doc. 1538, HP.
CHAPTER
18:
REJECTION
1
“It is terrible”:
Ann Whitman, June 11, 1959, entry, June 1959 (2) folder, box 10, ACW Diary Series, Whitman File.