Authors: Jim Newton
66
released it himself:
Ibid., p. 243.
67
“deeply appreciative”: New York Times
, Aug. 23, 1956.
68
“the most widely beloved”:
Ibid.
69
died before Election Day:
Sept. 5, 1956, entry, Sept. 1956 folder, box 14, Chronological File, Dulles Papers.
70
“No one is more aware”:
DDE, Address at the Cow Palace on Accepting the Nomination of the Republican National Convention, Aug. 23, 1956, APP.
71
“in firm faith”:
Ibid.
72
best speech Ike had given as president:
Aug. 23, 1956, entry, Diary for 1956, box 59, Weeks Papers.
73
long weekend of golf and bridge:
Adams,
Firsthand Report
, p. 244.
74
gave Ike little time to react:
Whitman, Sept. 7, 1956, entry, Sept. 1956 folder, box 8, ACW Diary Series, Whitman File.
75
preferably a Democrat and definitely a Catholic:
Ibid.
76
party affiliation and working-class upbringing:
Seth Stern and Stephen Wermeil,
Justice Brennan
, pp. 85–86.
CHAPTER
12:
ON THE EDGE
1
Gamal Abdel Nasser:
The Suez crisis is marvelously reconstructed in David Nichols’s
Eisenhower 1956: The President’s Year of Crisis: Suez and the Brink of War
.
2
oil flowing from the Middle East:
Adams,
Firsthand Report
, p. 247.
3
offer was effectively withdrawn:
DDE, Aug. 8, 1956, entry, in
Diaries
, p. 329. Also found at doc. 1946, HP.
4
help pay for the dam:
DDE,
Waging Peace
, p. 33.
5
“I do not want to exaggerate”:
DDE to Eden, July 31, 1956, doc. 1935, HP.
6
“sharply deteriorated”:
Report from Ambassador Yuri Andropov on Deteriorating Conditions in Hungary, Aug. 29, 1956, in Bekes, Byrne, and Rainer,
1956 Hungarian Revolution
, pp. 159–67.
7
“it would be necessary to expose him”:
Ibid.
8
“I don’t think you’ll ever know”:
Exchange of letters on Oct. 11 and Oct. 12, 1956, Don Newcombe folder, box 23, Name Series, Whitman File.
9
“freedom of opinion”:
“The ‘Sixteen Points,’ Prepared by Hungarian Students, Oct. 22–23, 1956,” in Bekes, Byrne, and Rainer,
1956 Hungarian Revolution
, pp. 188–89.
10
Three died:
Bekes, Byrne, and Rainer,
1956 Hungarian Revolution
, timeline at p. xxxvii.
11
Soviet troops to restore order:
“Working Notes from the Session of the CPSU CC Presidium, Oct. 23, 1956,” in Bekes, Byrne, and Rainer,
1956 Hungarian Revolution
, p. 217.
12
“the revolt has become widespread”:
DDE,
Waging Peace
, p. 69.
13
“virtually snarling”:
Dulles Papers (quoted in Oct. 30, 1956, doc. 2051, fn. 6, HP).
14
“peaceful processes”:
DDE to Mollet and Eden, Oct. 30, 1956, doc. 2054, HP.
15
“If your government was not informed”:
DDE,
Waging Peace
, p. 77.
16
remark pass in silence:
Hughes,
Ordeal of Power
, p. 218.
17
“with no force of argument”:
Ibid., p. 219.
18
“Boy, this is taking it”:
Ibid., p. 221.
19
“our most serious concern”:
DDE, Radio and Television Report to the American People, Oct. 31, 1956, APP.
20
“the principles of complete equality”:
“Declaration by the Government of the USSR on the Principles of Development and Further Strengthening of Friendship and Cooperation Between the Soviet Union and Other Socialist States, Oct. 30, 1956,” in Bekes, Byrne, and Rainer,
1956 Hungarian Revolution
, pp. 300–302.
21
“Today, it appears, a new Hungary”:
DDE, Radio and Television Report to the American People, Oct. 31, 1956, APP.
22
“a miracle”:
302nd NSC Meeting, Nov. 1, 1956, box 8, NSC Series, Whitman File.
23
“I have noted with profound distress”:
DDE to Bulganin, Nov. 4, 1956, doc. 2067, HP.
24
“Stevenson Holds President Lacks ‘Energy’ for Job”: New York Times
, Nov. 4, 1956.
25
“The Chief Executive”:
Ibid.
26
“moves of desperation”:
Slater,
The Ike I Knew
, pp. 140–41.
27
“are the sorriest and weakest pair”:
DDE to Gruenther, Nov. 2, 1956, doc. 2064, HP.
28
“gets more difficult by the minute”:
Ibid.
29
remove part of his large intestine: New York Times
, Nov. 4, 1956.
30
work for more than two months:
Hoopes,
Devil and John Foster Dulles
, pp. 380–81.
31
“Here were … the ten most frustrating days”:
Slater,
The Ike I Knew
, p. 143.
32
“It really was a tough one”:
DDE, interview with Relman “Pat” Morin, Jan. 3, 1967, p. 16, box 53, 1967 Principal File, Post-presidential Papers, DDEPL.
33
“We are Bolsheviks”: Time
, Nov. 26, 1956.
34
“I really could use a good bridge game”:
DDE to Gruenther, Nov. 2, 1956, doc. 2064, HP.
CHAPTER
13:
THE PRESS OF CHANGE, THE PRICE OF INACTION
1
“the most outstanding event”:
Ann Whitman, Jan. 21, 1957, entry, Jan. 1957 (1) folder, box 8, ACW Diary Series, Whitman File.
2
“The divisive force”:
Eisenhower’s 1957 Inaugural Address, APP.
3
“We live in a land of plenty”:
Ibid.
4
before being sworn in:
DDE to Edgar, Jan. 21, 1957, Edgar Eisenhower 1957–58 (2) folder, box 11, Name Series, Whitman File.
5
when he trundled back inside:
Whitman, Jan. 21, 1957, entry, Jan. 1957 (1) folder, box 8, ACW Diary Series, Whitman File.
6
“but I am entirely unwilling”:
DDE to C. D. Jackson, April 30, 1957, doc. 138, HP.
7
regarded as a personal rejection:
Sherman Adams, unpublished MS, p. 1077, Adams Papers.
8
“completely indifferent”:
DDE,
Waging Peace
, p. 145.
9
blamed it on flabby muscles:
DDE to Edgar, May 6, 1957, doc. 144, HP.
10
gently conspired to help him:
Slater,
The Ike I Knew
, p. 151.
11
“with both extremes”:
DDE,
Waging Peace
, p. 139.
12
“national calamity”:
July 31, 1957, news conference, APP.
13
“may as well close up shop”: Jencks v. United States
, 363 U.S. 657 (1957).
14
due process that had been violated: Sweezy v. New Hampshire
, 354 U.S. 234 (1957).
15
“There is no congressional power”: Watkins v. United States
, 354 U.S. 178 (1957).
16
the Court was unanimous against him: Service v. Dulles et al.
, 354 U.S. 363 (1957).
17
Communists convicted under the Smith Act: Yates v. United States
, 354 U.S. 298 (1957).
18
meetings into the late afternoon:
June 18, 1956, Presidential Appointment Books, DDEPL.
19
“practically fed up”:
Ruth Montgomery, International News Service, quoted in Katcher,
Earl Warren
, p. 364.
20
“I have no doubt that in private conversation”:
DDE to Warren, June 21, 1957, doc. 211, HP.
21
“in no sense necessary”:
Warren to DDE, July 15, 1957, Personal File, Presidents’ Correspondence, 1953–63, MD, LOC.
22
“merely petulant rather than definitive”:
Warren,
Memoirs
, pp. 5–6.
23
already explosive issue:
Brownell,
Advising Ike
, p. 219. See also Cabinet minutes, Dec. 2, 1955, and March 23, 1956, Whitman File.
24
faced by those confronting integration:
Cabinet minutes, March 9, 1956, Whitman File.
25
smiled faintly, and walked free: New York Times
, Sept. 24, 1955.
26
“czar” with unbounded powers:
Brownell,
Advising Ike
, p. 202.
27
obscure the real debate:
Cabinet minutes, Aug. 2, 1957, Whitman File.
28
circumvent the law:
DDE to James Byrnes, July 23, 1957, footnote quotes Byrnes’s letter to DDE of July 17, doc. 253, HP.
29
justice in crimes against blacks:
Ibid.
30
“cunningly designed”:
Warren Olney to Gerald Morgan, memo, July 12, 1957, Justice Department Civil Rights folder, Adams Papers.
31
the quiet of Gettysburg:
Whitman, July 3, 1957, entry, July 1957 (2) folder, box 9, ACW Diary Series, Whitman File.
32
“illegally from interfering”:
July 3, 1957, news conference, APP.
33
“Well, I would not want to answer”:
Ibid.
34
parted on friendly terms:
Whitman, July 10, 1957, entry, July 1957 (2) folder, box 9, ACW Diary Series, Whitman File. For Brownell not being told, see
Advising Ike
, p. 224. Whitman herself was frustrated by the debate over the Civil Rights Bill. As she noted in the above diary entry: “It seems so ridiculous to me, when it has been in the Constitution for so many years and here at last we get around to believing it might be possible for some of our citizens really to have that right.”
35
“waited this long for bill”:
Hagerty, press release, Aug. 19, 1957, Justice Department Civil Rights folder, box 8, Adams Papers.