Authors: Jim Newton
66
“Congress would be asked immediately to declare”:
Robert Cutler to Dulles, memo, June 2, 1954, summarizing meeting of same day (full meeting notes filed as well), Indochina 1954 folder, box 11, Briefing Notes Subseries, NSC Series, Office of the Special Assistant for National Security Affairs and Records, 1952–61, DDEPL.
67
“American boys to fight in Indochina”:
Hagerty,
Diary
, p. 96.
68
“I couldn’t possibly be prouder”:
DDE to John and Barbara Eisenhower, June 11, 1954, doc. 921, HP.
69
“by the time they are eight”:
DDE to Edgar Eisenhower, July 6, 1954, doc. 962, HP.
70
by her side: New York Times
, July 11, 1954.
71
“When I refer to the Middle Way”:
DDE to Chynoweth, July 13, 1954, Brigadier General Chynoweth folder, box 5, Name Series, Whitman File.
72
“a magnificent symbol”:
D’Arcy Jenish, “Inland Superhighway,”
Canadian Geographic
, July/Aug. 2009, p. 38, at
http://www.greatlakes-seaway.com/en/pdf/resources_article1.pdf
.
73
rescue missions in the South China Sea:
Sherman Adams, unpublished MS, p. 603, Adams Papers.
74
“Eisenhower had spells of depression that summer”:
Ibid., p. 604.
CHAPTER
9:
REVOLUTIONS
1
“Coup d’etat in Guatemala”:
Project Solarium, Report to the Office of the Special Assistant for National Security Affairs, NSC by Task Force C [1953] (7), p. 263, box 9, Subject Subseries, NSC Series, White House Office, Records, 1952–61, DDEPL. More specifically, the report recommended using “third forces in bringing about a supplanting of the pro-Kremlin government in Guatemala, with one of anti-Kremlin, pro-U.S. orientation” (see p. 211).
2
“If the Guatemalans want to handle”:
Cullather,
Secret History
, p. 16.
3
the president’s NSC Planning Board:
For Cutler’s relationship to United Fruit, see May 26, 1954, memo, White House Telephone Memos, Jan. 1, 1954–June 30, 1954 (1), box 10, Telephone Calls Series, Dulles Papers.
4
pay back the government over time:
Cullather,
Secret History
, p. 22.
5
a bill for $15,854,849:
Immerman,
CIA in Guatemala
, p. 81.
6
“As long as President Arbenz”:
“Probable Developments in Guatemala,” NIE 84, quoted in Cullather,
Secret History
, p. 34. 164
evidence of such connections:
Cullather,
Secret History
, p. 26.
7
“not as many”:
Immerman,
CIA in Guatemala
, p. 183.
8
“It was meant to be”:
DDE,
Mandate for Change
, p. 423.
9
“How could they invent an umbrella”: New York Times
, March 2, 1954.
10
“number one priority”:
Chief of Western Hemisphere to Director of Plans, CIA, memo, Aug. 27, 1953, folder 3, box 73, CIA Job 79–01025A, in
FRUS 1952–54, Guatemala
, p. 92.
11
based in Miami:
Cullather,
Secret History
, p. 75.
12
total came to $2.735 million:
Budget Summary, folder 2, box 76, CIA Job 79–01025A, in
FRUS 1952–54, Guatemala
, p. 109.
13
$3 million three months later:
Dulles to Wisner, memo, Dec. 9, 1953, folder 6, box 167, CIA Job 79–01025A, in ibid., p. 155.
14
succumbed to Communist influence:
Cullather,
Secret History
, p. 56.
15
“The Guatemalan regime has been frequently accused”: New York Times
, May 18, 1954.
16
vessels bound for Guatemala:
Immerman,
CIA in Guatemala
, pp. 158–59.
17
“Should this ammo ship arrive”:
CIA Guatemala Station to Operation PBSUCCESS Headquarters, telegram, May 21, 1954, folder 6, box 8, CIA Job 79–01025A, in
FRUS 1952–54, Guatemala
, p. 295.
18
Eisenhower did not respond:
Cullather,
Secret History
, p. 83.
19
imagined him to lead:
CIA Guatemala Station to Operation PBSUCCESS Headquarters, telegram, June 8, 1954, folder 3, box 11, CIA Job 79–01025A, in
FRUS 1952–54, Guatemala
, p. 316.
20
“Even before H-hour”:
Cullather,
Secret History
, p. 88.
21
without attempting to defeat his army:
Memo Prepared in CIA (apparently by Richard Bissell, for Allen Dulles), June 20, 1954, folder 1, box 154, CIA Job 79–01025A, in
FRUS 1952–54, Guatemala
, p. 359.
22
killed or captured:
Cullather,
Secret History
, p. 90.
23
Eisenhower at the White House:
Cullather’s CIA history places this meeting on June 23, but the president’s schedule shows it at 2:30 p.m. on June 22. The official history also neglects to mention Foster Dulles’s presence at the meeting; again, the schedule indicates otherwise.
24
“cowering in their barracks”:
Cullather,
Secret History
, p. 97. See also CIA Guatemala Station to Operation PBSUCCESS Headquarters, telegram, June 23, 1954, folder 5, box 11, CIA Job 79–01025A, in
FRUS 1952–54, Guatemala
, p. 374.
25
bombs were exploding:
Cullather,
Secret History
, pp. 99–101.
26
“Our first victory has been won”:
CIA Guatemala Station to CIA Headquarters, telegram, June 28, 1954, folder 5, box 11, CIA Job 79–01025A, in
FRUS 1952–54, Guatemala
, p. 396.
27
a great triumph for American diplomacy:
Hagerty, June 28, 1954, entry in
Diary
, p. 79.
28
cost precisely $3 million:
Memorandum Prepared in the CIA, May 12, 1975, folder 3, box 153, CIA Job 79–01025A, in
FRUS 1952–54, Guatemala
, p. 450.
29
“Guatemala right now is the most interesting”:
Anderson,
Che
, p. 134.
30
failure to “arm the people”:
Ibid., p. 151.
31
“Politically, things aren’t going so well”:
Ibid., p. 133.
32
“I have for announcement”:
Newton,
Justice for All
, p. 324.
33
acknowledged the next day:
Correspondence from Oct. 1 and Oct. 2, 1953, DDE Diary, October 1953 (4), box 3, DDE Diary Series, Whitman File.
34
“The new Chief Justice”:
Black to Hugo and Sterling Black, Oct. 15, 1953, Hugo Black Jr. file, 1953–54, Black Family Papers, MD, LOC.
35
the constitutionality of Jim Crow:
Legal file, Supreme Court, Oct. term 1953; Conference notes, Dec. 12, 1953, Segregation Case File, Robert Jackson Papers. Also “Memorandum for the File in re Segregation Cases,” pt. 2, May 17, 1954, William O. Douglas Papers, MD, LOC.
36
“basic premise”:
The description of the Dec. 12, 1953, conference relies on the conference notes of various justices, including Jackson, Douglas, and Burton. All are available at MD, LOC. Burton’s are contained in his diary, Douglas’s in a file labeled “Segregation Case File.”
37
were in the minority:
“Memorandum for the File in re Segregation Cases,” pt. 2.
38
from whether to strike down segregation to how to do it:
Jan. 15, 1954, entry, 1954 Diaries, Burton Papers.
39
likely in the spring:
DDE and Brownell, conversation, Jan. 25, 1954, Phone Calls Jan.–May 1954 (3), box 5, DDE Diary Series, Whitman File.
40
representing the state of South Carolina:
Warren,
Memoirs
, p. 291.
41
“These are not bad people”:
Ibid.
42
“the war hero who had destroyed”:
Nichols,
Matter of Justice
, pp. 103–9.
43
not that Warren made up the exchange:
Brownell,
Advising Ike
, p. 174.
44
“When the word ‘unanimously’ ”:
Warren,
Memoirs
, p. 3.
45
“The Supreme Court has spoken”: New York Times
, May 20, 1954.
46
those who sought equality and those who denied it:
See, for instance, DDE to Graham, March 30, 1956, Billy Graham folder, box 16, Name Series, Whitman File.
47
“followed the President’s formula”:
Brownell and DDE, conversation, May 31, 1955, Phone Calls Jan.–July 1955 (1), box 9, DDE Diary Series, Whitman File.
48
supported the Court’s ruling in
Brown: Ann Whitman, Aug. 19, 1956, entry, Aug. 1956 (1) folder, box 8, ACW Diary Series, Whitman File.
49
international appreciation vis-à-vis the Soviets:
Dudziak,
Cold War Civil Rights
, pp. 109–10.
50
“I’m afraid we’ll have plenty of trouble”:
Hazlett to DDE, Oct. 14, 1954, Swede Hazlett 1954 (1) folder, box 18, Name Series, Whitman File.
51
relaxing with the Gang:
Sept. 12, 1954, Presidential Appointment Books, DDEPL.
52
condemnation of the world:
214th NSC Meeting, Sept. 12, 1954, box 6, NSC Series, Whitman File.
53
strike the Soviet Union itself:
Ibid.
54
“The hard way”:
DDE,
Mandate for Change
, p. 465.
55
“armed attack in the West Pacific”:
A copy of the treaty may be found at
http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/chin001.asp
.
56
“In any combat where”:
March 16, 1955, news conference, APP.
57
“I am afraid”:
Exchange of letters from June 29 and July 2, 1954, Arthur Eisenhower (3) folder, box 11, Name Series, Whitman File.
58
“I know so many things”:
Whitman, Nov. 24, 1954, entry, which includes Knowland conversation, Nov. 1954 (1) folder, box 3, ACW Diary Series, Whitman File.
59
“No man on earth”:
Ibid., which includes meeting with Montgomery.
60
general’s testimony earlier that year: Time
, Oct. 4, 1954.
61
attacking Watkins as a coward:
See
http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/
common/censure_cases/133Joseph_McCarthy.htm
.