Authors: Jim Newton
8
“best year we’ve had in the missile business”:
Bernard A. Schriever, interview,
U.S. News & World Report
, Jan. 23, 1961.
9
“Billions of dollars”:
Undated draft, styled at “Commencement,” Farewell Address (2) folder, box 16, Larson and Moos Records. See also Oct. 31, 1960, Chronological (1) folder, Williams Papers.
10
had been to swear him in:
Moos, oral history interview, p. 9.
11
“did not think that Dr. Moos”:
Ann Whitman, Sept. 30, 1958, entry, Sept. 1958 folder, box 10, ACW Diary Series, Whitman File.
12
wondered about Moos’s influence:
Schlesinger,
White House Ghosts
, p. 96. As Moos himself noted of the influence of presidential aides: “I don’t think you push a President in the direction of the way he does not want to move” (oral history, p. 28).
13
“sometimes thought the varnish”:
Moos, oral history interview, p. 18.
14
“You lose an audience after 10 minutes”:
Ibid., p. 25. Moos recalled that Ike seemed especially concerned with keeping remarks short after his stroke.
15
“lock in like a target-acquisition radar”:
Williams to Martin Teasley, Oct. 28, 1986, Letters 1985–88, Williams Papers.
16
which his brother did extensively:
Undated drafts along with notes from Whitman to Moos, Farewell Address (9) folder, box 16, Larson and Moos Records.
17
notably more modest:
These and other changes are recorded in the extensive files at DDEPL pertaining to the address. Those files were invaluably supplemented in 2010 by the discovery of a host of heretofore missing drafts and notes, recovered by Moos’s son and daughter from the family boathouse in Minnesota. I reported that discovery for the
New Yorker
in Dec. 2010.
18
“The idea of trying to get anyone”:
Whitman to DDE and Moos, notes, Dec. 14, 1960, Farewell Address (1) folder, box 16, Larson and Moos Records.
19
“the most challenging message”:
DDE,
Waging Peace
, p. 616.
20
scientific-technological elite:
These passages are from audio and video tapes of the speech as delivered. They depart slightly from transcripts of the address, including the one used by Eisenhower in
Waging Peace
.
21
idea was dropped:
Although not privy to the newly discovered materials, Schlesinger deftly described the process of writing and editing the speech in
White House Ghosts
, pp. 97–100.
22
“Dwight Eisenhower will retire”: New York Times
, Jan. 20, 1961.
23
“Surely the people are proud”: Los Angeles Times
, Jan. 19, 1961.
24
initial estimates for fighting the entire war:
Center for Public Integrity, “Special Report: Windfalls of War,” at
http://projects.publicintegrity.org/wow/
.
25
seemed profoundly true:
Other costs, including the long-term health care of those wounded, as well as the lost productivity of the dead and those unable to work again, pushed some estimates of American expense in Iraq to more than $3 trillion (see, for instance, Linda J. Bilmes and Joseph E. Stiglitz,
Washington Post
, March 9, 2008).
26
full participation in politics: Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission
, 558 U.S. 50 (2010).
27
lined up before a tree and shot:
De Witte,
Assassination of Lumumba
, pp. 120–21.
28
aides to the two presidents, attended as well:
Memorandum for Record, Jan. 19, 1961, John F. Kennedy 1960–61 (2) folder, box 2, Augusta–Walter Reed Series, Post-presidential Papers, DDEPL.
29
his final moments in office:
Ibid.
30
“Let every nation know”:
Kennedy Inaugural Address, Jan. 20, 1961, APP.
31
“hear, hear”:
David Eisenhower,
Going Home
, p. 6. Susan Eisenhower describes the return home differently in her book,
Mrs. Ike
, and it is no surprise that two siblings, still young at the time, would recall the evening differently. I have relied on David’s account because John Eisenhower, their father, says it conforms to his memory as well.
32
“Dad was not a happy ex-president”:
John Eisenhower, interview with author, Oct. 7, 2010.
33
“Damn, they’ve had me busy”:
Ibid.
34
but he was not immune to it:
Slater,
The Ike I Knew
, p. 240.
35
“are not particularly flattering”:
DDE to Anderson, Sept. 6, 1961, President Eisenhower 1957–62 (3) folder, box 287, Anderson Papers.
36
“men who confuse”:
DDE to McCone, Feb. 13, 1968, John McCone 1968 folder, box 12, Name Series, Post-presidential Papers.
37
“I certainly have learned a lot since”:
There are various renderings of this exchange. This comes from a Nov. 8, 1966, interview of DDE by Malcolm Moos in Kennedy folder, box 2, Augusta–Walter Reed Series, Post-presidential Papers.
38
and stretched over years:
Rives, “Ambrose and Eisenhower,” at
http://hnn.us/articles/126705.html
.
39
“I feel sure that the book”:
John Eisenhower to DDE, July 20, 1965, AP-1 Pat Morin folder, box 2, Post-presidential Papers.
40
critical of his war and presidential records:
Rives, “Ambrose and Eisenhower.”
41
“was a comfort to me and my family”:
Exchange of letters of Aug. 10 and 15, 1963, Kennedy 1962–67 (1) folder, box 2, Augusta–Walter Reed Series, Post-presidential Papers.
42
“join as one man”:
David Eisenhower,
Going Home
, p. 121.
43
“a little bit bewildered”:
John Eisenhower, interview with author, Oct. 7, 2010.
44
“is just plain dumb”:
David Eisenhower,
Going Home
, p. 149.
45
fulminated about “kooks” and “hippies”:
Craig Allen,
Eisenhower and the Mass Media
, p. 197.
46
“in essence, futile”:
DDE to Karson, draft, Feb. 3, 1966, K (3) folder, box 36, 1966 Principal File, Post-presidential Papers.
47
deleted the revealing sentence:
DDE to Harlow, Feb. 7, 1966, K (3) folder, box 36, 1966 Principal File, Post-presidential Papers.
48
“He is now even more mature”:
DDE to Humphrey, July 21, 1967, Politics 1967–68 folder, box 2, Augusta–Walter Reed Series, Post-presidential Papers.
49
“He is a man of great courage”:
Morin article submitted for Eisenhower review, Sept. 30, 1968, PU-3 Written About the General (1) folder, box 27, 1968 Principal File, Post-presidential Papers.
50
make a statement for Nixon, as did John:
John Eisenhower, interview with author, Oct. 7, 2010.
51
soon-to-be family connection:
David Eisenhower,
Going Home
, p. 256.
52
“in the White House in January 1969”: New York Times
, July 19, 1968.
53
“let’s win this one for Ike”:
Nixon address accepting the nomination, Aug. 8, 1968, APP.
54
“He was an old man”:
David Eisenhower,
Going Home
, p. 269.
55
on March 28, 1969, Dwight Eisenhower died:
John Eisenhower,
Strictly Personal
, pp. 336–37.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ABBREVIATIONS AND SHORTHAND DESCRIPTIONS
APP: The American Presidency Project. Online reproductions of public presidential material, including transcripts of news conferences, some correspondence, and public statements. The project, housed at the University of California, Santa Barbara, is accessible online at
http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu
.
CSL: California State Library, Sacramento DDEPL: Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Abilene, Kans.
FRUS:
Foreign Relations of the United States
(references to this material specify the title and volume; in many instances, documents in
FRUS
and those from various libraries are duplicative; citations in the text refer to where I located them)
HI: Hoover Institution, Stanford, Calif.
HP: Hopkins Papers. This shorthand refers to the Johns Hopkins collection of Eisenhower’s presidential papers (a subset of the Eisenhower Library’s holdings devoted mostly to Eisenhower’s correspondence). The Hopkins collection is available online at
http://www.eisenhowermemorial.org/presidential-papers/index.htm
.
HSTL: Harry S. Truman Library, Independence, Mo.
MD, LOC: Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
Whitman File: This is common shorthand for reference to Dwight D. Eisenhower, Papers as President, Main White House File, DDEPL. (Note: Within the Whitman file are two notable diary series. The DDE Diary Series contains official documents, correspondence, and details of Eisenhower’s schedule. The ACW Diary Series is a collection of Whitman’s notes and observations of Eisenhower as president.)
SELECTED BOOKS
Abraham, Henry J.
Justices and Presidents: A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court
. 3rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.
Acheson, Dean.
Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department
. New York: W. W. Norton, 1969.
Adams, Sherman.
Firsthand Report: The Story of the Eisenhower Administration
. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1961.
Albertson, Dean.
Eisenhower as President
. New York: Hill and Wang, 1963.
Allen, Craig.
Eisenhower and the Mass Media: Peace, Prosperity, and Prime-Time TV
. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993.
Allen, George E.
Presidents Who Have Known Me
. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1960.
Alsop, Joseph, and Turner Catledge.
The 168 Days
. New York: Doubleday, 1938.
Ambrose, Stephen E.
Eisenhower, the President
. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984.
———.
Eisenhower, Soldier and President
. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1990.
———.
Ike’s Spies: Eisenhower and the Espionage Establishment
. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1999.
Anderson, Jon Lee.
Che: A Revolutionary Life
. New York: Grove Press, 1997.
Angelo, Bonnie.
First Mothers: The Women Who Shaped the Presidents
. New York: Perennial, 2001.
Arnaz, Desi.
A Book
. New York: Warner Books, 1976.
Atkinson, Rick.
An Army at Dawn: The War in North Africa, 1942–1943
. New York: Henry Holt, 2003.
———.
The Day of Battle: The War in Sicily and Italy, 1943–1944
. New York: Henry Holt, 2007.
Axelrod, Alan.
Patton: A Biography
. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.
Bain, Richard C., and Judith H. Parris.
Convention Decisions and Voting Records
. 2nd ed. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1973.
Bekes, Csaba, Malcolm Byrne, and Janos M. Rainer, eds.
The 1956 Hungarian Revolution: A History in Documents
. Budapest: Central European University Press, 2002.