Authors: Jim Newton
84
“It is the woman who is
[
the
]
strong”:
DDE to John Eisenhower, June 16, 1953, DDE Diary, Dec. 1952–July 1953 (2), box 3, DDE Diary Series, Whitman File.
85
“As Commander-in-Chief of the European theatre”:
Ethel Rosenberg to DDE, June 16, 1953, OF 101-R, Amnesty-Pardons (1), Rosenberg folder (1), box 354, Official File, White House Central Files, 1953–61, DDEPL.
86
“hell of a mess”:
June 17, 1953, call with Allen Dulles, Telephone Memoranda (excepting to or from the White House) May–June 1953 (1), box 1, Telephone Calls Series, Dulles Papers.
87
“No, I have no names”:
Roberts,
Brother
, p. 19.
88
had begun at 8:13 p.m.:
Ibid., pp. 18–20.
89
quiet, private dinner:
June 19, 1953, call, Telephone Memoranda (excepting to or from the White House) May–June 1953 (1), box 1, Telephone Calls Series, Dulles Papers.
90
about their guilt:
Brownell,
Advising Ike
, p. 245.
91
“strong possibility”:
Clark to Joint Chiefs, telegram, Feb. 9, 1953, Matthews Files, Lot 33, D 413, in
FRUS Korea, 1952–54
, vol. 15, p. 758.
92
should nuclear weapons be deployed?:
131st NSC meeting, Feb. 11, 1953, box 4, NSC Series, Whitman File.
93
“in a special category”:
Ibid. 99
94
drive out the Communist forces:
Ibid.
95
effectiveness against military targets:
Cutler to Wilson, memo, March 21, 1953, in
FRUS 1952–54
, vol. 15, p. 815, C. D. Jackson Papers.
96
in the Korean terrain:
Memorandum of Substance of Discussion at a Department of State–Joint Chiefs of Staff Meeting, March 27, 1953, State-JCS Meeting, Lot 61, D 413, in
FRUS Korea, 1952–54
, vol. 15, p. 817.
97
to the West’s strategic advantage:
Special Meeting of NSC, March 31, 1953, box 4, NSC Series, Whitman File.
98
willing to fight on:
Rhee to DDE, April 9, 1953, in
FRUS 1952–54
, vol. 15, pp. 902–3, Whitman File.
99
“we have to ask”:
Ibid.
100
“deeply disturbed” by Rhee’s threat:
DDE to Rhee, April 23, 1953, in
FRUS Korea, 1952–54
, vol. 15, p. 929, Whitman File.
101
“Unless you are prepared”:
DDE,
Mandate for Change
, p. 186.
102
“I guess Syngman Rhee”:
Ibid., p. 186n.
103
“Danger of an atomic war”:
Sherman Adams, unpublished MS, p. 286, Adams Papers. See also June 5, 1953, Cabinet Meeting notes, Cabinet Series, DDEPL; and DDE, interview with Relman “Pat” Morin, Jan. 3, 1967, pp. 23–24, box 53, 1967 Principal File, Post-presidential Papers, DDEPL.
104
full-scale offensive along the Bukhan River:
Ridgway,
Korean War
, p. 223.
105
“We have won”:
DDE, Address to the American People, April 26, 1953, APP.
106
“It was almost joy enough”:
Ridgway,
Korean War
, p. 225.
107
since World War II:
Adams, unpublished MS, p. 300.
CHAPTER
6:
CONSEQUENCES
1
he so fulsomely enumerated:
Henderson, oral history interview, p. 6.
2
“suddenly looking old and pathetic”:
Acheson,
Present at the Creation
, p. 504.
3
only to faint dead away:
Homa Katouzian, “Mosaddeq’s Government in Iranian History,” in Gasiorowski and Byrne,
Mohammad Mosaddeq and the 1953 Coup in Iran
, p. 4. See also Ambassador to State Department, Feb. 28, 1953, in
FRUS Iran, 1952–54
, vol. 10, p. 688.
4
Mossadegh was elected prime minister:
Acheson,
Present at the Creation
, p. 503.
5
its facility in Abadan:
Kinzer,
All the Shah’s Men
, p. 108.
6
its oil production revenue:
Mary Ann Heiss, “International Boycott of Iranian Oil,” in Gasiorowski and Byrne,
Mohammad Mosaddeq and the 1953 Coup in Iran
, p. 185.
7
“where they will start trouble”:
Truman’s conversations with Elsey, June 26, 1950, George M. Elsey Papers, HSTL.
8
“Back came a reply”:
Acheson,
Present at the Creation
, p. 680.
9
only be solved by deposing him:
Fakhreddin Azimi, “Unseating Mosaddeq,” in Gasiorowski and Byrne,
Mohammad Mosaddeq and the 1953 Coup in Iran
, p. 81.
10
“Not wishing to be accused”:
Woodhouse,
Something Ventured
, p. 117.
11
“rapidly … approaching deadlock”:
Ambassador to Secretary of State, Jan. 28, 1953, in
FRUS Iran, 1952–54
, vol. 10, p. 654.
12
“If I had $500 million”:
135th NSC Meeting, March 4, 1953, box 4, NSC Series, Whitman File.
13
“that it was not in American interests”:
CIA Report, “Overthrow of Premier Mossadeq of Iran,” p. 13.
14
“the United States government had done everything”:
DDE,
Mandate for Change
, p. 164.
15
bribe members of the Iranian Majlis:
CIA Report, “Overthrow of Premier Mossadeq of Iran,” p. 28.
16
“It was cleared directly”:
July 24, 1953, calls, Telephone Conversations File, Dulles Papers; also in
FRUS Iran, 1952–54
, vol. 10, p. 737.
17
one of the participants, Kermit Roosevelt:
The deceptions of Roosevelt’s book begin with its title,
Countercoup
, intended to demonstrate that American actions were only taken in retaliation against a coup by Mossadegh. That is flatly false.
18
he needed a vacation:
Ambassador to State Department, Feb. 25, 1953, in
FRUS Iran, 1952–54
, vol. 10, p. 682.
19
a vacation out of his country:
Ambassador to State Department, May 30, 1953, in ibid., p. 731.
20
but it sufficed:
CIA Report, “Overthrow of Premier Mossadeq of Iran,” p. 36.
21
threats to bomb homes:
Ibid., p. 37.
22
“After you, Your Majesty”:
Weiner,
Legacy of Ashes
, p. 90. See also Iraq Ambassador to State Department, Aug. 17, 1953, in
FRUS Iran, 1952–54
, vol. 10, pp. 746–47.
23
“The move failed”:
Smith to DDE, Aug. 18, 1953, in
FRUS Iran, 1952–54
, vol. 10, p. 748.
24
“It was a day that”:
CIA Report, “Overthrow of Premier Mossadeq of Iran,” pp. 55–58. See also Ambassador to State Department, Aug. 20, 1953, in
FRUS Iran, 1952–54
, vol. 10, pp. 752–55.
25
departed for Denver on the presidential plane:
April 19, 1953, Presidential Appointment Books, DDEPL.
26
“I offer you my sincere felicitations”:
DDE to Shah, Aug. 24, 1953, in
FRUS Iran, 1952–54
, vol. 10, p. 766.
27
“The things we did were ‘covert’ ”:
DDE, Oct. 8, 1953, diary entry. Released to the author. Portions of this diary were released in 1981; the entire entry, including the account of Mossadegh’s overthrow, was declassified in 2009 and formally released on May 10, 2010.
28
“When we realize that in the first hours”:
Ibid.
29
died before the ambulance could arrive:
James St. Clair and Linda Gugin,
Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson of Kentucky
(Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2002), p. 336.
30
graduate school cases: Sipuel v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma
, 332 U.S. 631 (1948);
Sweatt v. Painter
, 329 U.S. 629 (1950);
McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents
, 339 U.S. 637 (1950).
31
Plessy v. Ferguson
ruling: Plessy v. Ferguson
, 163 U.S. 537 (1896).
32
“We cannot conclude that the education”: Sweatt
, 329 U.S. 629.
33
“impair and inhibit his ability”: McLaurin
, 339 U.S. 637.
34
The Court avoided them: Sweatt
, 329 U.S. 629.
35
“We have deemed it more costly”: Dennis v. United States
, 341 U.S. 494 (1951).
36
in the pursuit of social change:
Jeffrey D. Hockett,
New Deal Justice
(Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 1996), p. 143.
37
first solid evidence of the existence of God:
See, among other citations, Joseph L. Rauh,
New Republic
, Aug. 9, 1982, p. 31.
38
“The very purpose of a Bill of Rights”: West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette
, 319 U.S. 624 (1943).
39
both sides went away bruised:
Roger Newman,
Hugo Black
, pp. 336–37.
40
until Frankfurter finished expounding on a case:
Newton,
Justice for All
, p. 267.
41
“efficiency, dignity and integrity”:
St. Clair and Gugin,
Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson of Kentucky
, p. 336.
42
“advice was on the mark”:
Brownell,
Advising Ike
, p. 164.
43
in a coded cable from Europe:
Ibid., p. 165.
44
more interested in continuing in his “present post”:
DDE,
Mandate for Change
, p. 227.
45
never mentioned that offer to his attorney general:
Brownell,
Advising Ike
, p. 166.
46
“It was kind of a hideout”:
“Conversations with Earl Warren on California Government,” oral history with Warren, p. 285.
47
“First vacancy”:
Earl Warren Jr., interview with author, Nov. 25, 2003.
48
boasted to a friend that the job was his:
Brownell,
Advising Ike
, p. 167; and Warren, interview with Bartley Cavanaugh, p. 34, Earl Warren Oral History Project.