Authors: Jim Newton
49
“From the very beginning”:
Sept. 30, 1953, news conference, APP.
50
as Warren was administered the oath:
Oct. 5, 1953, entry, President’s Daily Appointments, DDEPL.
51
“To my mind, he is a statesman”:
DDE to Edgar, Oct. 1, 1953, DDE Diary October 1953 (4), box 3, DDE Diary Series, Whitman File.
52
“one of the finest public servants”: New York Times
, Feb. 21, 1954.
53
miss a Court reception for Justice Burton:
May 5, 1954, entry, Phone Calls Jan.–May 1954 (1), box 5, DDE Diary Series. Also Nov. 3, 1953, entry, DDE Diary July–Dec. 1953, Whitman File.
54
“No greater honor”:
Warren to DDE, note (handwritten and typed), March 19, 1954, DDE Diary March 1954 (2), box 6, DDE Diary Series, Whitman File.
55
“my great friend”:
DDE, entry for July 24, 1953, in
Diaries
, p. 246.
56
“Improvement in race relations”:
Ibid.
57
“I believe that federal law”:
Ibid., pp. 246–47.
58
he hoped they could put it off until the next administration:
DDE and Brownell, conversation, Jan. 25, 1954, Phone Calls Jan.–May 1954 (3), box 5, DDE Diary Series, Whitman File.
59
“Anything that affects”:
DDE to Bradford Chynoweth, July 13, 1954, Brigadier General Chynoweth folder, box 5, Name Series, Whitman File.
60
a meeting of a president’s cabinet:
Max Rabb to DDE, note, Aug. 16, 1954, box 3, ACW Diary Series, Whitman File.
61
“My dad was not a social reformer”:
John Eisenhower, interview with author, Oct. 7, 2010.
62
“Iran was quiet—and still free”:
DDE,
Mandate for Change
, pp. 164 and 166.
CHAPTER
7:
SECURITY
1
“If I could have foreseen”:
DDE,
Mandate for Change
, p. 318.
2
and headed home:
Lattimore,
Ordeal by Slander
, pp. 2–27.
3
“placed too much stress”:
Ibid., p. 68.
4
“To break the grip of fear”:
Ibid., p. 253.
5
it supplied grist for McCarthy:
Owen Lattimore, Sept. 8, 1949, FBI File 100–1630 (FOIA).
6
vote of confidence in “our crusade”:
DDE to McCarthy, Nov. 12, 1952, Joseph McCarthy folder, box 22, Name Series, Whitman File.
7
“wanted all the help”:
Dulles and McCarthy, conversation, Jan. 28, 1953, Telephone Memoranda (excluding to or from the White House), Jan.–April 1953 (4), box 1, Telephone Calls Series, Dulles Papers.
8
during Dulles’s brief Senate tenure:
Sokolsky to Dulles, Sept. 14, 1949, John Foster Dulles folder, box 45, Sokolsky Papers. See also Sokolsky’s testimony to the Special Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations, April 23, 1954.
9
refused to employ them:
Dulles to Norman Thomas, Sept. 8, 1953, White House Correspondence (2), box 1, White House Memoranda Series, Dulles Papers.
10
“it would be a serious blow”:
Adams,
Firsthand Report
, p. 94.
11
the would-be ambassador:
Dulles and Adams, conversation, March 13, 1953, White House Telephone Conversations, Jan.–April 1953, box 10, Telephone Calls Series, Dulles Papers.
12
“not the slightest intention of withdrawing”:
Dulles and DDE, conversation and accompanying memo, March 16, 1953, White House Telephone Conversations, Jan.–April 1953, box 10, Telephone Calls Series, Dulles Papers.
13
“part of the Acheson betrayal team”:
McCarthy speech to Senate, March 25, 1953, Security Matters—McLeod, Scott (Security Admin.)—Bohlen (2) folder, box 8, White House Memoranda Series, Dulles Papers.
14
“Senator McCarthy is … so anxious”:
DDE,
Diaries
, pp. 233–34.
15
“a pimple on the path of progress”:
DDE and Leonard Hall, phone conversation, March 8, 1954, referred to in fn. 2, doc. 762, HP.
16
“I despise them”:
DDE to Paul Helms, March 9, 1954, DDE Diary March 1954 (4), box 6, Diary Series, Whitman File.
17
“embarrassment for the administration”:
DDE to Virgil Pinkley, March 11, 1954, doc. 772, HP.
18
American libraries abroad:
Wicker,
Shooting Star
, p. 130.
19
“I think you are wrong about that”:
Memorandum for the Archives, June 15, 1953, Richard Morin Papers, Rauner Library, Dartmouth College.
20
“if you have anything to say”:
Proskauer to John Dickey, Oct. 30, 1967, Morin Papers. Proskauer’s precise quotation is rendered slightly differently in various accounts. The language here comes from his letter to Dickey.
21
“Don’t join the book burners”:
Dartmouth College transcript, Rauner Library.
22
“You have double thanks”:
Memorandum for the Archives, June 15, 1953, Morin Papers.
23
“since he entered public life”:
Reprinted in the
Dartmouth Alumni Magazine
, July 1953.
24
“but to the general proposition”:
Memorandum of Conversation with the President, June 15, 1953, White House Correspondence (3), box 1, White House Memoranda Series, Dulles Papers.
25
“buy or handle books”:
Ibid.
26
discuss a public statement:
DDE,
Mandate for Change
, pp. 143–44; see also 135
th
NSC Meeting, March 4, 1953, box 4, NSC Series, Whitman File.
27
directly to the Soviet people:
135th NSC Meeting.
28
“It was certainly a gamble”:
Ibid.
29
“They
[
the Russian people
]
are the children”:
Statement by the President Concerning the Illness of Joseph Stalin, March 4, 1953, APP.
30
“Ever since 1946”:
Hughes,
Ordeal of Power
, p. 101.
31
“We have no reliable inside intelligence”:
Haines and Leggett,
CIA’s Analysis of the Soviet Union
, p. 35.
32
“as though the hour of decision”:
163rd NSC Meeting, Sept. 24, 1953, box 4, NSC Series, Whitman File.
33
“Global war as a defense”:
Handwritten note, July 16, 1953, DDE Diary Dec. 1952–July 1953 (1), box 3, DDE Diary Series, Whitman File.
34
“to determine our own course”:
163rd NSC Meeting.
35
“not only in saving our money”:
Ibid.
36
National War College:
Dockrill,
Eisenhower’s New-Look National Security Policy
, p. 33.
37
“The only way to end the cold war is to win it”:
Undated memo (Task Force C report begins at p. 24), Project Solarium (2) folder, box 39, Disaster File, White House Office, NSC Staff Papers, 1948–61, DDEPL.
38
“They would undoubtedly oppose”:
Ibid.
39
“a true American Crusade”:
Project Solarium, (2 folder), box 9, Subject Subseries, NSC Staff Papers, 1952–61, DDEPL.
40
“Here is what I would like to say”:
Hughes,
Ordeal
, p. 103.
41
“I know how he feels”:
These comments and the description of the speech’s drafting come from Hughes,
Ordeal of Power
, pp. 107–15.
42
“Those sitting close to him”:
Childs,
Captive Hero
, p. 197.
43
“What is the Soviet Union ready to do?”:
DDE, “The Chance for Peace,” April 16, 1953, APP.
44
“a remarkable effort of will”:
Childs,
Captive Hero
, p. 197.
45
“cannot in the least contribute”:
Dockrill,
Eisenhower’s New-Look National Security Policy
, p. 132.
46
“wider public discussion”:
Medhurst, Ivie, Wander, and Scott,
Cold War Rhetoric
, p. 30.
47
“the rate and impact of atomic production”:
Bird and Sherwin,
American Prometheus
, p. 451.
48
“slowly dying”:
Chernus,
Eisenhower’s Atoms for Peace
, p. 68.
49
he and Oppenheimer were at odds:
Aug. 4, 1953, diary entry, box 68, C. D. Jackson Papers.
50
from Operation Candor to Operation Wheaties:
Dockrill,
Eisenhower’s New-Look National Security Policy
, p. 132. See also Nov. 27, 1953, diary entry, box 68, C. D. Jackson Papers.
51
scheduled to speak in early December:
Nov. 17, 1953, diary entry, box 68, C. D. Jackson Papers.
52
“twenty-one years of treason”:
Eisenhower was particularly infuriated by the implication that internal subversion was tolerated by his administration. The following summer, while castigating Nixon for being excessively partisan in criticizing Democrats, he described McCarthy’s remark, which he then quoted as “twenty years of treason,” as “an indefensible statement” (June 29, 1954, entry, Eisenhower Library Documents [2], box 2, Personal Papers of Whitman).
53
renewed commitment to deliver it:
Nov. 30 and Dec. 1, 1953, diary entries, box 68, C. D. Jackson Papers. So bleak was the debate on Nov. 30 that Jackson entitled that day’s diary entry “Black Monday.”
54
“President changed clothes”:
Dec. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 1953, diary entries, box 68, C. D. Jackson Papers. See also Hagerty, oral history interview.
55
threat of nuclear war:
DDE, “Atoms for Peace,” Dec. 8, 1953, APP.
56
“Some of his accusers”:
DDE, note to Dec. 2, 1953, entry, dated Dec. 3, DDE 136 Oct.–Dec. 1953, box 4, DDE Diary Series, Whitman File.
57
“It would not be a case”:
DDE, Dec. 3, 1953, entry, DDE Diary Oct.–Dec. 1953, box 4, DDE Diary Series, Whitman File.
58
under the new Congress:
Barton J. Bernstein, “The Oppenheimer Loyalty-Security Case Reconsidered,”
Stanford Law Review
42, no. 6 (1990), p. 1383.
59
“based upon years of study”:
Borden to J. Edgar Hoover, Nov. 7, 1953, doc. 100–17828–548, FBI (FOIA).