Europe: A History (272 page)
Miscellaneous SS Units:
Abbreviations:
SS: Schutzstaffeln; PD: Panzer Division; PgD: Panzergrenadier Division; GbD: Geblrgs (Mountain) Division; KD: Kavallerie (Cavalry) Division; F: Freiwillinge (Volunteer); WGD: Waffen Grenadler Division; WGbD: Waffen Gebirgs Division.
Source: A. J. Barker, The Waffen–SS at War (London, 1982), app.: ‘SS Divisions, 1940–5; 121–2; B Quarrie, Hitler’s Samurai: The Waffen–SS in Action (London, 1983), ch. 2, ‘The Growth of the Waffen–SS’; G.H. Stein, The Waffen–SS: Hitler’s Hitler’s Elite Guard at War, 1939–1945 (Itheca, NY, 1966)
Europe’s Estimated Death Toll, 1914–45
| 1 Military losses during the First World War (by states, killed in action or dead of wounds) (not including USA) | |
| Allied Powers | |
| Russian Empire | 1700000 |
| France | 1357800 |
| Britain & Empire | 908371 |
| Italy | 650000 |
| Romania | 325706 |
| Serbia | 70000 |
| Belgium | 13716 |
| Portugal | 7222 |
| Greece | 5000 |
| Montenegro | 3000 |
| sub-total | 5040815 |
| Central Powers | |
| Germany | 1773700 |
| Austria-Hungary | 1200000 |
| Turkey | 325000 |
| Bulgaria | 87500 |
| sub-total | 3388200 |
| Total (estimate) | 8427015 |
| 2 Military losses during the Second World War (by states, killed in action or dead of wounds) (not including USA) | |
| Allied Powers | |
| Soviet Union ‘ | * 8–9000000 |
| Yugoslavia | 305000 |
| Britain | 264443 |
| France | 213324 |
| Poland | 123178 |
| Greece | 88300 |
| Belgium | 12000 |
| Czechoslovakia | 10000 |
| Netherlands | 7900 |
| Norway | 3000 |
| Denmark | 1800 |
| sub-total | 10026945 |
| Axis Powers | |
| Germany | 3500000 |
| Romania | 300000 |
| Italy | 242232 |
| Hungary | 200000 |
| Finland | 82000 |
| Bulgaria | 10000 |
| sub-total | 4335232 |
| Total (estimate) | 14362177 |
| 3 Civilians killed during the Second World War (by states) | ||
| | minimum | maximum |
| Allied Powers | ||
| Soviet Union | ** 16000000 | 19000000 |
| Poland | *** 5675000 | 7000000 |
| Yugoslavia | 1200000 | |
| France | 350000 | |
| Greece | 325000 | |
| Czechoslovakia | 215000 | |
| Netherlands | 200000 | |
| Britain | 92673 | |
| Belgium | 76000 | |
| Norway | 7000 | |
| Denmark | 2000 | |
| Axis Powers | ||
| Germany | 780000 | |
| Hungary | 290000 | |
| Romania | 200000 | |
| Italy | 152941 | |
| Bulgaria | 10000 | |
| Finland | 2000 | |
| Total (estimate) | 27077614 | |
| 4 The Holocaust: the genocide of Jews by the Nazis, 1939–45 (by states of origin, minimum and maximum estimates) | ||
| | minimum | maximum |
| Poland | 2350000 | 3000000 |
| Soviet Union | 1500000 | 2000000 |
| Germany & Austria | 218000 | 240000 |
| Hungary | 200000 | 300000 |
| Romania | 200000 | 300000 |
| Netherlands | 104000 | 110000 |
| Czechoslovakia | 90000 | 55 000 |
| France | 60000 | 65000 |
| Greece | 57000 | 60000 |
| Yugoslavia | 55000 | 60000 |
| Belgium | 25000 | 28000 |
| Italy | 8500 | 9500 |
| Luxembourg | 2800 | 3000 |
| Norway | 700 | 1000 |
| Denmark | less than 100 | |
| Totals (estimate) | 4871000 | 6271500 |
| average | c .5 571300 |
| 5 Categories of people killed in Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union 1917–1953 (excluding war losses, 1939–45) (after R. Medvedev, R. Conquest) | ||
| | minimum | maximum |
| Civil War & Volga Famine, 1918–22 | 3000000 | 5000000 |
| Political repressions In the 1920s | tens of thousands | |
| Forced collectivization and ‘dekulakization’ after 1929 | 10000000 | 14000000 |
| Ukrainian Terror-Famine, 1932–3 | 6000000 | 7000000 |
| Great Terror (1934–9) and Purges | 1000000 | |
| Deportations to the Gulag, to 1937 | 10000000 | |
| Shootings and random executions, 1937–9 | 1000000 | |
| Deportations from Eastern Poland, Baltic States, and Romania, 1939–1940 | 2000000 | |
| Foreign POWs: Poles, Finns, Germans, Romanians, Japanese | 1000000 | |
| Deportations to the Gulag, 1939–45 | 7000000 | |
| Deportations of nationalities: Volga Germans, Chechens, Ingush, Crimean Tatars, etc. | 1000000 | |
| Post-war screening of repatriates and inhabitants of ex-occupied territory | 5000000 | 6000000 |
| Gross total (median estimate) | c .54 million | |
| NB . Several of these categories overlap. |
The Gulag Archipelago: Soviet Concentration Camps and KGB prisons
(after Avraham Shifrin,
c
1980)
(a)
In Arctic Russia;
(b)
In the European part of the USSR
The Baltic Countries, 1993
Europe, 1992: Assorted Statistics
| Country | Territory (sq. miles) | Population | Density | (per sq.m.) | Population (m.) | GDP ($ bn.) |
| European Union | ||||||
| Belgium | 11,781 | 851 | 10.025 | 218.7 | ||
| Denmark | 16,629 | 311 | 5.17 | 142.1 | ||
| France | 211,207 | 272 | 57.372 | 1324.9 | ||
| Germany | 137,352 | 587 | 80.569 | 1775.1 | ||
| Greece | 50,944 | 202 | 10.3 | 79.2 | ||
| Ireland | 27,136 | 131 | 3.547 | 48.8 | ||
| Italy | 116,303 | 497 | 57.782 | 1223.6 | ||
| Luxembourg | 908 | 374 | .340 | 10.4 | ||
| Netherlands | 15,963 | 951 | 15.178 | 320.4 | ||
| Portugal | 35,553 | 277 | 9.846 | 83.9 | ||
| Spain | 194,884 | 175 | 34.085 | 573.7 | ||
| UK | 94,226 | 614 | 57.848 | 1040.5 | ||
| Europaan Free Trade Area | ||||||
| Austria | 32,374 | 244 | 7.884 | 184.7 | ||
| Finland | 130,119 | 39 | 5.042 | 109.6 | ||
| Iceland | 102,819 | 3 | .260 | 6.6 | ||
| Norway | 125,181 | 34 | 4.286 | 113.1 | ||
| Sweden | 173,648 | 50 | 8.678 | 245.8 | ||
| Switzerland | 15,941 | 433 | 6.905 | 240.5 | ||
| Ex-Soviet Bloc | ||||||
| Czech Rep. | 30,343 | 342 | 10.383 | 25.3 | ||
| Hungary | 35,969 | 284 | 10.202 | 30.7 | ||
| Poland | 120,725 | 318 | 38.365 | 75.3 | ||
| Slovakia | 18,917 | 283 | 5.346 | 10.2 | ||
| Albania | 11,101 | 301 | 3.338 | 1.0 | ||
| Bulgaria | 42,823 | 209 | 8.952 | 11.9 | ||
| Romania | 91,699 | 249 | 22.865 | 24.9 | ||
| Cyprus | 3,578 | 200 | .715 | 7.1 | ||
| Malta | 122 | 2,950 | .360 | 2.6 | ||
| Ex-Yugoslavia | ||||||
| Bosnia | 19,741 | 221 | 4.366 | | ||
| Croatia | 21,824 | 219 | 4.784 | 8.6 | ||
| Macedonia | 9,928 | 205 | 2.039 | 5.06 | ||
| Montenegro | 5,332 | 120 | .639 | | ||
| Serbia | 34,107 | 287 | 9.792 | | ||
| Slovenia | 7,817 | 258 | 2.017 | 14.4 | ||
| (Yugoslavia, to 1991) | (98,766) | (239) | | | ||
| Ex-USSR | ||||||
| Belarus' | 80,150 | 129 | 10.346 | 32.2 | ||
| Estonia | 17,413 | 89 | 1.554 | 5.9 | ||
| Latvia | 24,500 | 107 | 2.617 | 8.9 | ||
| Lithuania | 25,174 | 149 | 3.754 | 10.1 | ||
| Moldavia | 13,000 | 335 | 4.359 | 9.5 | ||
| Russia | 6.591m. | 23 | 148.920 | 479.5 | ||
| (in Europe) | c .1.3m. | 921 | 1201 | | ||
| Ukraine | 232,046 | 225 | 52.1 | 121.9 | ||
| EUROPE: TOTAL | 3,639,001 sq.m.l | C .190 | 694.011 | 8626.6# | ||
| EU | 912,886 | 375 | 342.062 | 6841.3 | ||
| USA | 3,618,770 | 70 | 252.18 | 5689.2 | ||
| Japan | 142,811 | 871 | 124.45 | 3707.9 |
| GDP ($per capita) | GDP (purchasing power parity) | Higher education (% pupils/population 20–4 aged) | Medical care (people per physician) |
| 21,815 | 18,170 | 37 | 321 |
| 27,485 | 17,768 | 32 | 448 |
| 23,093 | 18.665 | 40 | 421 |
| 22,032 | 16.310 | 33 | 710 |
| 7,689 | 8,417 | 29 | 340 |
| 13,758 | 12,427 | 26 | 410 |
| 21,176 | 17.521 | 31 | 552 |
| 30,588 | 24.771 | 33 | 496 |
| 21,110 | 17,023 | 34 | 444 |
| 8,521 | 9,736 | 18 | 575 |
| 16,831 | 14,731 | 34 | 360 |
| 17,987 | 16,300 | 25 | 870 |
| 23,427 | 18,005 | 33 | 333 |
| 21,737 | 15,025 | 47 | 322 |
| 25,385 | 17,067 | 25 | 960 |
| 26,388 | 17,785 | 43 | 503 |
| 28,324 | 16,496 | 33 | 355 |
| 34,830 | 22,159 | 28 | 1,441 |
| 2,437 | 6.923 | 18 | 389 |
| 3,009 | 5,297 | 15 | 740 |
| 1,963 | 4,081 | 22 | 416 |
| 1,908 | 5,224 | 18 | 389 |
| 229 | — | 7 | 2.070 |
| 1,329 | 4.770 | 31 | 340 |
| 1,089 | 2.307 | 9 | n.a. |
| 9,930 | — | 15 | 754 |
| 7,222 | — | 11 | 500 |
| | | | 636 |
| 1,800 | | | 471 |
| 2,481 | | | 463 |
| | | | 493 |
| 7,150 | 8,098 | | 512 |
| 3,110 | | | 250 |
| 3,830 | | | 204 |
| 3,410 | | | 195 |
| 2,710 | | | 222 |
| 2,170 | | | 249 |
| 3,220 | | | 214 |
| 2,340 | | | 229 |
| 11,9331# | | | |
| 20,000 | I = estimate | # includes the whole of the Russian Federation | |
| 22,560 | Sources OECD Main Economic Indicators , December 1993; IMF IFS , | ||
| 29,794 | December 1993; DOTS 1993 Yearbook, World Bank Atlas , 1994 |
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