Enlightenment
Absolutism and 610–11, 646
Anti-enlightenment 611–14, 683–6
architecture 586
drama 589
economy 582, 602
education 608, 610
furniture 589
historiography 603, 605
international relations 581–2
Judaism and 598
literature 581, 589–90
music 590
nobility 584
origins 596–7
painting 586
philosophy 597–8
political theory 602–3
religion and 590, 593–5, 601–2
science and 598–9
society 582, 584, 586, 595–600
Ennius, Q. 176
Entente Cordiale 871
Environment 47–66,
99–100
Epicureans 124
Eponyms
700
Erasmus, (Gerhard Gerhards) 477–8
Estonia
944
Etruria, Kingdom of 729, 731
Etruscans 151, 153, 154,1205
Euclid 122
Eugene IV, Pope 446
Eugenics 793–4, 859–61, 945
Euler, Leonard
600
Eurasian movement 12
Euripides 115
Eurocentrism 16–17, 19, 29, 37, 38
Europa, Legend of xv-xvii Europe, Concepts of 7–16
Europe, origins 69, 212–14, 257–8, 266, 282–4, 302
Europe overseas 359, 451, 452–3, 510–16, 580–1, 848–54
European Coal and Steel Community
(ECSC) 1084, 1085
European Defence Community (EDC) 1084
European Economic Community (EEC) 1007, 1085, 1086, 1087, 1118, 1119, 1120
European Free Trade Area (EFTA) 1085, 1332
European Movement 45, 1064–6
European Union (EU) 25, 1126–7, 1129, 1332,
1334
European unity 37, 39, 44, 59,
118
, 302, 304, 348, 415, 499, 662–3, 852, 944, 956, 1007, 1017
Evans, Arthur 76, 89
Evolution 790–4
Exploration 510–11
Eylau, battle of (1807) 727
Fallmerayer, Jakub 238
Family History
390, 639, 650–1, 724
, 771–4, 1292
Faroe islands
63
Fascism
491
, 944–9, 1087
Fashion 615, 774
(see also
Dress)
Faustus, Georgius
495
Febvre, Lucien
541, 955–6
Feminism 703,
716–17
, 803
Fenians 831
Ferdinand, Prince of Aragon 451, 453
Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor 563, 564, 565
Festivals
337–8
Feudalism 311–16
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb 733, 754
Ficino, Marsilio 477
Finance
(see
Accountancy, Banking, Insurance, Money, Taxation)
Finland
folklore 818
post-1945 1088
Russian Empire and 739, 828
Swedish rule 362, 737,
818
Winter War (1939–40) 1003
Flags
363
Flamenco 533
Flanders 377
Flaubert, Gustav 788
Fleury, André, Cardinal de 627
Flood, Henry 637
Florence 398–9, 473, 484
Florence, Union of (1439) 446, 455
Folklore
218
Fontainebleau, Palace 748, 750–1
Fontainebleau, Treaty of (1814) 754
Food
75–6, 77, 82–3, 109, 299, 832–3
, 1221
Fourrier, Charles 836
Fourteen Points 911, 925
Fox, Charles James 737, 610
France
‘Ancien Régime’ 614–21, 623–5, 627–8
Calvinism in 492, 494
colonialism 580
Counter-Reformation 502
De-colonization 1069, 1070
Early Kingdom 62, 317–18, 353–5, 35
early Modern 539, 541–2, 544–5
Empire 701, 729,
746
, 1291
Estates General 542
Fifth Republic 1073
Fourth Republic 1072, 1073
Fronde 542, 618
Guises 502, 506
Imperial policy 851
inter-war politics 977
Italian Wars 542, 544
July Crisis (1914) 877, 879
July revolution (1830) 803, 804
liberalism 803
‘Maquis’ resistance 1032
medieval 404, 406–8, 421, 1244, 1246–7
nationalism 822
nobility 584, 618
peasant revolts
587–8
Polish crisis (1939) 1001
post-1945 1072–3
‘Reunions’ 624
revolution of 1848 803, 804, 805, 812
Second Empire 803, 805
Third Republic 803
Thirty Years War and 565, 568
Vichy regime 1006, 1021, 1032
Wars of Religion 494, 506–7, 539
wars with Holy Roman Empire 544–5
(see also
French Revolution, French Revolutionary Wars)
Francis-Joseph I, Emperor of Austria 824, 829
Francis, Emperor of Austria 733
Francis I, King of France 539, 544–5
Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor 646
Francis II, of Habsburg, Holy Roman
Emperor 647
Franciscans (Order of Friars Minor) 360, 361
Francke, August Hermann 608
Franco, General Francisco 981, 982,
985
, 986, 1010
Franco-Austrian War 823–4
Franco-Dutch War 624
Franco-German War 868
Frankfurt School 953
Frankish Kingdom 284, 286, 298, 1239
Franks
Carolingians 298–309, 317, 1239, 1246
Christianity and 275–6
Merovingians 232, 234, 1246
Papacy and 284–90
under Clovis 232, 234, 276
(see also
Charlemagne)
Frazer, James 161–2
Frederick I, Barbarossa, Holy Roman
Emperor 351
Frederick I, King of Denmark and Norway 553
Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor 351–2
Frederick II, King of Prussia 610, 611, 648–9
Frederick-William, Duke of Prussia (The Great Elector) 557
Frederick-William II, King of Prussia 649, 691, 692, 731
Frederick-William III, King of Prussia 805
Frederick-William IV, King of Prussia 824
Freemasonry
633–4
French Revolution 1286
Brumaire coup 701, 725
calendar
698, 1288–9
Chouans 707–8, 721
Committee of Public Safety 697, 698, 702, 709, 715
Commune
695
, 702
Constituent Assembly 712, 715
Constitution 695, 697–8
Cordeliers Club 703
Dauphiné rebellion 690–1
Directory 701, 711, 712, 715, 722, 724
economy 711–12
Estates-General 688, 689, 691, 692–4, 695
external influences 690–3
fall of the Bastille 688–9, 695
feminism 716–17
historiography 688–90
influence of American War of Independence 678–9
Legislative Assembly 695, 702
Marseillaise 715
National Assembly 695, 699, 702
National Convention 695, 697, 701, 703, 712, 725
opposition 703–5, 707–9
origins 678–83, 686, 688–93
religious policy 711, 714
Royalists 703, 704, 714–15, 725
‘Sansculottes’ 703
Tennis Court oath 693, 694, 699
Terror 709–11
Thermidor coup 701
Third Estate 691, 694
Vendée Rising 704–5,
706–7
, 707, 708, 1211
French Revolutionary Wars 1287
Continental System 712, 728, 739, 742
Egyptian campaign 724–5
First Coalition 712, 721
invasion of Austrian Netherlands 717, 719, 721
Italian campaign 722, 724
Peninsular campaign 728, 733, 736
Russian campaign 742, 744, 747, 751
Second Coalition 726
Third Coalition 726–7
Freud, Sigmund 861
Friedland, battle of (1807) 727
Friedrich, C. D. 1211
Furniture
83
Gagauz
743–4
Galba, Roman Emperor 189
Galicia (Austria, Poland, Ukraine) 334, 429, 663, 829, 831,
903, 921, 924–5
, 1307, 1314–16
Galicia (Spain) 87,
278
, 1239, 1241, 1324
Galileo Galilei 508
Galton, Francis 793–4
Gamelin, General Maurice 995
Gapon, Father Georgi 836
Garibaldi, Giuseppe 823
Gender
72–3, 300–1, 337–8, 732, 908
(see
also
Feminism Prehistory-Matriarchy, Patriarchy, Sexuality, Women)
Genetics 50,
830
Genocide 414–15,
706–7
, 909,
963, 965, 1004–5
, 1016–25,
1026–7, 1034–5
Geopolitics 8–9, 24, 871–4, 1312
George I, King of the Hellenes 834
George III, King of Great Britain 637, 678, 737
Georgia
Christianity and 265
post-Soviet development
816
taken by Russia 739, 1298
under Queen Tamara 335
Gerard, Père 702
German Social Democratic Party
838
German-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Demarcation (1939) 1001–2
Germanic Invasions 217–19, 229, 231–2, 234–5
Germanic peoples 222, 224
Christianity and 281–2
Prehistory 222, 224, 229
Germany
Calvinism 494
Counter-Reformation 504
folklore
230–1
German Confederation 762, 824, 1299
Napoleon and 731, 733
national movement 824
North German Federation 826
Reformation 484–5, 488, 492
revolution of 1848 824
Slavs in 829
‘Sonderweg’ 810–11
Thirty Years War and 563–5, 567–8, 1280
unification 824, 826
Zollverein 805, 807 (see
also
Holy Roman Empire, Prussia)
Germany (Empire, 1871–1918)
Eulenberg Affair
876–7
Empire proclaimed 826, 868, 1299
July Crisis and 877, 879, 890–2
Late Imperial era 854
revolution of 1918 925
World War I and 901–3, 907, 909–11
Germany (Federal Republic)
de-Nazification 1048–55, 1060
domestic politics 1074
economy 1082
formation 1071
‘Ostpolitik’ 1114–15
Reunification 1123–4
Germany (GDR)
formation 1061, 1071, 1100
politics 1102, 1104–5
revolution of 1989 1123
Germany (Third Reich) 1323
Allied occupation 1047, 1061
defeat 1042, 1044–5
domestic policy 974–6
economic policy 971
establishment 967, 969, 970
Final Solution 976, 1016, 1018, 1020–1, 1023, 1025
foreign policy 986–7,
988–9
, 990–1, 992–3, 995–8
German industry and 971
re-armament 971
resistance 1040, 1064
weapons development 1036
see also
Nazi Party (NSDAP) and World War II
Germany (Weimar Republic)
Depression and collapse 966–7, 969
foundation 941–2
politics 942–3
Gestures
542
Gibbon, Edward 195, 209, 605, 608
Gibraltar 1088, 1089
Gierek, Edward 1107
Gilgamesh, epic of
114–15
Gimbutas, Dr Marija 86
Girondins 695, 702, 709, 719
Gladstone, William Ewart 810, 870
Glass
369–70
Glencoe Massacre (1692) 631, 1133
Glendower, Owen 425
Gobineau, Joseph
734–5
Goebbels, Joseph
500–1
Goering, Hermann 975, 993, 996, 997, 1008, 1016, 1048, 1050, 1054, 1055
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von 495, 613, 721, 786–7
Gomulka, Wladysfaw 1101, 1103, 1107
Goosestep
612
Gorbachev, Mikhail 1108, 1109, 1116–17, 1118, 1120–2, 1123, 1125, 1126
Gordon Childe, Vere 86
Gore-Booth, Constance 958
Górecki, Henryk 957
Gotland Project
105–6
Gottwald, Klement 1067, 1105
Government 129,
130–1
, 167–72, 179–88,
561
, 614–28, 629–32, 1093–99 (see
also
Constitutional History, Law, Politics)
Goya, Fráncisco 688
Graeco-Roman Civilization 139, 147
Graeco-Turkish War 937–8
Granada, Emirate of 393
Grattan, Henry 637
Great Books Scheme 19, 21, 24, 29
Great Britain (
see
United Kingdom)
Great Depression 965–6
Great European Plain 52, 54
Great Northern War 648, 652–3, 657
Greece (Ancient)
architecture 119
art 117, 119
colonies 102, 104, 1222
Delphi 112–13
democracy 130–1
diet 109
drama 115
Egyptian origins
138
‘Greater Greece’ 104
Golden Age 98, 100, 102
Hellenes xv, 93
Hellenism 133, 135–6
Heroic Age 98, 151
historiography 129, 132
literature 111, 115
mathematics 122
money 101
mythology 91–2, 108, 110
Olympiad
161–2
philosophy 110–11, 122, 124, 126
politics 129
religion 108, 109–13, 112–13, 127–8, 150, 263
science 119, 122
sexual conduct 190
sexuality 126, 128
slavery 128
society 128
xenophobia 103
Greece
Balkan Wars and 874
independence 834, 1211, 1302
in World War II 1010, 1037, 1039, 1042
literature 562–3
medieval 386
post-1945 1063, 1076, 1086
Septinsular Republic 739
under Ottomans 643–4
War of Independence 97, 732, 763, 869, 1284, 1302, 1309
Greek Civil War 1042, 1063
Greek language 238, 1218
Gregory I, Pope 270, 277, 280
Gregory VII, Pope (Hildebrand) 339, 342
Gregory XIII, Pope 496, 502, 504
Gregory of Tours 274–5
Grek, Maxim 465, 467–8
Grey, Sir Edward 879, 881–6, 895
Grimm, brothers 816–17
Grunwald, battle of (1410) 430
Guerrilla warfare 736
Guizot, Francois 15, 16
Gulag 962, 1330
Gustav IV Adolphus, King of Sweden 737
Gustavus Vasa, King of Sweden 553–4
GustavusII Adolphus, King of Sweden 506, 554, 564
Gustavus III, King of Sweden 641, 717
Gypsies 387–8
(see also
Romanies)