Law 173, 182–4
(see also
Constitutional)
Law, John 582, 627
Lawrence, D. H. 860, 865, 893, 952
Le Brun, Charles 623
League of Nations 927, 942, 949–50, 951, 969, 979, 986, 1003
League of the Holy Court 352
Lechfeld, battle of (955) 316
Lefebvre, François Joseph 689
Lefèvre d’Etaples, Jacques 477, 490
Legends xv-xvii, 218, 223–4, 230–1
Leibniz, Gottfried 599
Leipzig, ‘Battle of the Nations’ (1813) 737, 744
Lend-Lease Aid 1008, 1030
Lenin (V. I. Ulyanov) 839, 894, 916, 917, 919, 920, 929, 934, 935, 937, 959–60, 964, 1130, 1132
Leo III, Pope 298
Leo LX, Pope 330
Leo XIII, Pope 797, 799
Leon and Castile, Kingdom of 393, 451
Leopardi, Giacomo 783–4
Leopold I, King of Belgium 804
Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor 647, 717
Lepanto, battle of (1571) 560
Le Preste de Vauban, Sebastien 519, 619–20
Leprosy
279–80
Leviathan
521
Liberalism 802–5, 807, 810–12
Libraries
522
Liechtenstein 1089
Ligurian Republic 731
Linden, Franconia 565
Lindisfarne 1207
Linnaeus, Carl von Linne 599
Lisbon earthquake 640
List, Friedrich 766
Liszt, Franz
784
, 1211
Literature
Decadence 861–2
Enlightenment 581, 589–90
Greece (Ancient) 111, 115, 117
Inter-war 952–3
medieval 349–50, 439–40
Nationalism and 819
Picaresque style
535–6
post-1945 1076–7
Renaissance 481–2
Romanticism 682–3, 783–7
Rome (Ancient) 174, 176–9
Lithuania
language
228
modern 1256
nationalism 828
Lithuania, Grand Duchy
Christianity and 430
medieval 1256
partition of 660–1
rise of 392
under John Sobieski 657
union with Poland 429–30
(see also
Rzeczpospolita
)
Little Entente 977
Litvinov, Maxim 986, 996
Livonian Crusade 362–3
Livy (Titus Livius) 143, 177
Lloyd George, David 928
Lloyd’s of London
630
Llull, Ramon 441, 444
local history
343–4, 410–11
Locarno Pact (1925) 942, 950
Locke, John 597–8, 603
Lombards 234, 276–7, 284, 286, 287, 289, 290
Lorraine 1281
Louis-Philippe, King of France 803, 804, 812
Louis II, Jagiellon, King of Bohemia and
Hungary 524, 560
Louis VII, King of France 353–4
Louis DC, King of France 355, 357
Louis XI, King of France 423, 426
Louis XIV, King of France 541, 542, 573, 574, 579–80, 593, 614–21, 623–5, 627–8, 631, 1210
arts 621, 623
economy 618–19
foreign policy 623–5
government 617
military 619–20
personality 616–17,1210
religion and 620–1
society 617–18
Louis XV, King of France 614, 627–8
Louis XVI, King of France 628, 688, 689, 691, 694, 695, 699, 702, 717, 719
deposed 695, 699, 719, 721
executed 699, 710–11
flight to Varennes 699, 702, 717
Louis XVII, dauphin 699, 704
Louis XVIII, King of France 703, 753, 961
Lounrot, Elias
818
Lourdes
798–9
Louvain, University of 502
Louvois, François Marquis de 619, 621
Lübeck, Treaty of (1629) 564
Lublin, Union of (1569) 554–5
Luddites 737
Lully, Jean-Baptiste 590, 623
Lunéville, Treaty of (1801) 726
Lusitania 910
Luther, Martin 484–5,
486–8
, 488, 490, 1209
Lützen, battle of (1632) 554, 564
Luxemburg Compromise (1966) 1086
Luxemburg, House of 395, 428, 429, 1261
Luxemburg 1032
L’viv (Lwów, Lemberg) 429,
622–3
, 831,
924–5
, 1013
(see also
Galicia) Lyon
187–8
Lysenko,T. D.
830
Maastricht Treaty (1991) 1120, 1126–7, 1132
Macdonald Plan (1933) 987
Macedonia
Balkan Wars and 874,1309
rise
of 102,
134–5
under Antigonid dynasty 133
Macedonian Wars 145
Machiavelli, Niccolo 473, 520
Mackinder, Halford 24, 872, 874
Macpherson, James 613–14
Magellan, Ferdinand 511
Magic 396–7,
405–6
, 437, 469–71,
530–1, 566–7
Maginot, André 977
Maginot Line 977, 1006
Magna Carta (1215) 354, 551
Magyars
218, 296, 316, 819
Majdanek 1002
Małachowski, Stanislaw 692
Malet, Claude-François
746
Malplaquet, battle of (1709) 625
Malta
78
, 220, 724–5, 1117
Malthus, Thomas 781
Manchester 681
Manchester School 803
Mandel’shtam, Nadzezhda 953
Mandel’shtam, Osip 953
Manet, Edouard 862, 865
Manhattan Project 1036
Mann, Thomas
495, 893, 952–3
Manners, history of
346–7
Mansfeld, Count Ernst von 564
Manuel I, Byzantine Emperor 333
Mao Zedong 1090–1, 1104
Marat, Jean 677, 702, 709
Marathon, battle of (490
BC)
98
Marcellus, Claudius 139, 142–3, 144
Marco Polo 366, 1209
Marcus Antonius (Mark Antony) 158
Marcus Aurelius, Roman Emperor 189, 191, 192
Margaret, Countess of Flanders 376–7
Margaret, Queen of Denmark, Norway and
Sweden 431
Maria Theresa, of Habsburg 646, 647, 648, 663
Maria I, Queen of Portugal 639
Marie-Antoinette, Queen of France 699, 717, 719
Marie-Louise of Austria, Empress of
France 726, 752, 756
Marignano, battle of (1515) 544
Marr, Nikolai Yakovlevitch 219
Marseillaise
718
Marseille
107–8
Marshall, George 1063–4
MarshallPlan 1064, 1065, 1080
Marsilio of Padua 440
Marx, Karl 507, 689, 766, 782, 814, 837–8
Marxism 838–40, 861, 974
(see also
Communism)
Mary Tudor, Queen of England 545
Masaryk,Jan 1062, 1067
Masurian Lakes, battle of (1914) 903
Matejko, Jan 1209
Mathematics
125
,349,
600
, 1242–3
(see also
Numeracy)
Maurras, Charles 822
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor 524–5
Maximillian de Béthune
662–3
Mayflower, the 513
Mazarin, Jules, Cardinal 542, 574, 616
Mazeppa, Hetman of Ukraine 653, 655
Mazowiecki, Tadeusz 1123, 1124
Mazzini, Giuseppe 814, 823, 824
Medicine
123, 233, 431, 433, 489–90
medieval
architecture 440–1
art 441
economy 366, 368, 370
education 439
ethics 438
fashion
437
historiography 349, 384–5, 439”40
hunting
422–3
international relations 440
law 438–9
literature 348–50, 439
merchants
442–3
military technology 440
music 441
mysticism 436–7
national identity 380–1, 382
philosophy 433
political thought 440
popular risings 413, 417
religion 436–7
science 433, 435–6
society 311–16, 335–6, 431–2
witchcraft 437
Mediterranean Sea 56, 59
Mehmet II, Ottoman Sultan 448, 450
Mein Kampf
970, 971
Melanchthon, Philip 477, 485, 597
Mendel, Gregor
830
Mendeleev, Dmitri
791–2
Mentalities 198–9, 274–5, 483, 503, 514–15, 541, 543–4, 596, 612, 778–91, 860, 911, 922–3
Mercantilism 523, 602, 618
Méricourt, Anne-Joseph
716–17
Messiaen, Olivier 957
Messina Conference (1955) 1084
Methodology, Historical
67, 137, 175–6, 241, 424–5, 583–4, 825, 955–6, 988–9, 1014–15, 1026–7
Metternich, Clemens, Prince von 762, 805
Michael Romanov, Tsar of Russia 558
Michelangelo Buonarotti 480, 481
Michelet, Jules 677, 689
Mickiewicz, Adam 745, 786, 804–5
Midi 62, 362
Mieszko I, Prince of the Polanie 325
Militarism 715
Military History 72–3, 98–102, 139–47, 150, 151–3, 153–8, 167–70, 172–4, 185–8, 248–50, 312–14, 316, 345–8, 358–60, 361–4,
391
, 401,
414–15
, 419–25, 440, 448–50, 518–20, 529–31, 534–9, 542–5, 552–3,554, 563–8, 581,
612
619–20, 624–5, 641–3, 647–9, 652–3, 661, 715–48, 727, 736, 748–57, 761–2, 780, 865–9, 871–5, 901–38,
904, 905, 936
,991–3, 998–1048,
1022–3
,1266–7, 1282–3, 1325, 1326–7, 1328–9
Military Revolution 518–20
Mill, John Stuart 803
Milton, John 575, 589
Minoan Civilization xv, 81, 89–91, 92–3, 94
Mir Fortress
745
Mirabeau, Count Honoré de 675, 694, 695, 702
Mithras 160, 200
Modernization 1293
cultural 775
demographic 781–2
economic 764–8, 770–1
Industrialization 764–6, 1212, 1293, 1296–7
military
780
political 777,
780
psychological
777
social 771, 774–5
Modernism 854, 856, 859–61
Mohacs, battle of (1526) 429, 430, 560
Moldavia 1011, 1212
Moldova 1212
Molière, Jean-Baptiste Poquelin 589, 618,
623
,
665
Molotov, Vyacheslav 964, 996, 1010, 1038
Moltke, Field Marshal Helmuth von 875
Monaco 1089
Monet, Claude 866, 1212
Money 101, 295–6, 525
Mongols 296, 298, 332,364, 366, 389, 392, 393
Monnet, Jean 10, 1083, 1084
Monserrat 300
Montenegro
Balkan Wars and 874
early modern 644
Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat 47,
603
Montessori, Maria 863
Moravia, Christianity and 321
Morike, Eduard 670
Moscow
architecture 747
Kremlin 460–1
Patriarchate of 504–5
Mountains 55–6, 57, 613, 785
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus 590, 665, 673,688
Cost fan tutte
670, 672
Don Giovanni
665–7, 668, 670, 671, 673
le nozze de Figaro
667, 668, 670
Mucha, Alphonse 1206
Muhammad 251, 252
Mun, Thomas 523
Munich Crisis 987, 990–1
Munzenberg, Willi 501
Muscovy 1264
and Ukraine 558
as the Third Rome 462–3, 464
Counter-Reformation and 504–5
foreign policy 462, 463–4, 466–7
Ivan IV and 557
Legal Code 558
medieval 455, 457
origins 389, 392
Russian Orthodox Church 446–6, 464–5, 557
theology 465–6
Time of Troubles 557–8
Music
Avant Garde 865
Baroque 505, 590
dodecophony 957
Gregorian Chant 271–3
Inter-war 956
medieval 271–3, 441
Nationalism and 819–20
Opera 532, 994–5
Popular
912–14
religious 271–3, 331–4
Romanticism 688
Renaissance 118, 480–1, 957
Sonata 591
Violin 592–3
Mussolini, Benito 949, 951, 979, 990, 1031, 1045
Mycenae 81, 92
Myth 110–11,
269–70
Nagy, Imre 1103
Nairn, Tom 834
Nantes, Edict of (1598) 506–7, 594, 620–1
Naples, Kingdom of 731
Napoleon I
(see
Bonaparte)
Napoleon III, Emperor of France 803, 805, 823,
868
Naruszewicz, Bishop Adam 605
Nassau, Duchy of 527–9
National Self-determination 813, 927
Nationalism
cultural nationalism 812–13
folklore and 816–17,
818
French Revolution and 715
history and 815
Integral nationalism 822
invented tradition
635–6
language and 815–16
literature and 819
modernization and 820–1
music and 819–20
national consciousness 381–2
national heroes
348, 827
Political nationalism 813
Popular or ‘ethnic’ nationalism 812,
814
race and
734–5, 817
religion and
817
State or ‘civic’ nationalism 812, 813–14
(see also
Zionism)
Natural disasters 640
(see
Catastrophes)
Naval warfare 98, 545, 549, 619, 625, 726–7, 853,
887, 909–10, 1028–9, 1210
Naujocks, Helmut 997–8
Navarre, Kingdom of 393
Navigation Act (1651) 549
Nazi Party (NSDAP)
ideology 971, 974
internationalism 1017
origins 942, 969–70
policies 876–7, 971, 974–6
assumption of power 966–7, 969
Neanderthals 69
Neave, Airey 1048, 1050
Necker, Jacques 688, 691, 693, 694
Nelson, Horatio 725, 738
Nero, Roman Emperor 189
Nerva, Roman Emperor
189
Netherlands
‘Batavian Republic’ 721, 729
Calvinism 494
colonialism 513, 580
County of Holland 375–7
De-colonization 1069
Dutch language 378–9
Dutch Revolt 534, 536, 538–9, 1275
eighteenth century 640
Enlightenment 597
independence 538–9, 567
‘Kingdom of Holland’ 729
literature 379
Napoleon and 729
national consciousness 379–80, 381
origins 372–4, 375
religion 379, 494
revolt of 1787 690
society 379,
540