medieval 380, 388–9, 1258
nineteenth century 739, 834, 1319
origins 235
Patriarchate established 380
Servetus, Miguel de Villanova
493
Seton-Watson, Hugh 14–15
Seven Years War 648–9
Shakespeare, William 423, 425, 482, 529,
548
Shamanism
819
Shamil 869
Shamir, Izaac 978
Shaw, George Bernard 952
Shelley, Percy Bysshe 840
Shevchenko, Taras 831
Sicilian Vespers 398
Sicily 102, 104, 139–47, 336, 339, 351, 638
Sièves, Emmanuel, Abbé 691
Sigismund III, King of Poland 504, 554, 555
Sikorski, Władysław 1037
Single European Act 1118
Sinn Fein 831
Sino-Soviet split 1104
Slavery
166–7, 452–3
Slavonic peoples 224–5, 227, 234–5, 244,
324–5
,
1218, 1233
Slovakia 993, 995, 1127, 1128, 1134
Slovenia 235, 730–1, 979, 1124, 1230–1, 1307, 1313
Słowacki, Juliusz 1, 785, 787
Smell
728
Smith, Adam 523, 602, 604–5
Sobieski, John, King of Poland 641, 643, 655, 657
Social History 71, 128, 165–7, 166–7,
311–16
,
335–6, 413, 422–3, 442–3, 447–8, 516–17, 559, 582–6, 583–4, 585–6, 587–8, 650–1, 682, 724, 771–5, 776–7, 825, 925–6, 958–9, 961, 1043–4, 1077–8, 1095–6
(see also
Family History, Manners, Sociology)
Social Sciences 3, 775, 794, 955–6, 1076
(see also
Anthropology, Demography, Economics,
Psychology, Politics, Sociology)
Socialism 835–40,
1308
Christian Socialism 835
co-operatives 836
First International 837, 838, 840
in post-war Europe 1072
Second International 838
Trades Union movement 835–6
(see also
Anarchism, Communism, Marxism)
Socialist Unity Party (GDR) 1061, 1071, 1100
Sociology 790, 837–8, 953
Socrates 110
Solidarity Movement 1108, 1122, 1123
Solzhenitsyn, Alexander 713, 964, 1055, 1098
Sonderburg-Glucksburg (Houses of)
808–10
,
1300–1
Sophia, Tsarina of Russia
559
Sophocles 115
Sorbs of Lusatia 234, 829
Sound recording
858–9
Southey, Robert 682
Soviet Bloc 1089–1109, 1122–5
Soviet Russia (1917–22) 917–21, 928–32, 1314
Soviet Union
(see
USSR) Spaak, Paul-Henri 1066, 1083
Spain
colonialism 511, 513, 580
early modern 526, 529, 531, 532, 534, 1271
eighteenth century 638
French Revolutionary Wars and 721, 728, 733, 736
inter-war politics 979, 981–2, 984–6
medieval 393–4, 451, 453–5
Muslim civilization in
256–7
, 1208
nineteenth century 803–4
post-1945 1076, 1087–8
sixteenth century 1271
(see also
Aragon, Castile, Galicia, Navarre)
Spanish Civil War 979, 981–2, 984–6,
1324
Falange
982
International Brigades 982, 983–4, 1325
Spanish Inquisition 453, 454,
498–9
Spanish Netherlands
(see also
Belgium) 502
Spanish Succession, War of 625, 638, 648
Sparta 98, 100, 133
Spartacus
166–7
Special Operations Executive (SOE) 1032
Spengler, Oswald 952, 966
Speyer, Diet of (1526, 1529) 485
Spinoza, Benedictus 509–10
Sport
Athletics
127–8
Football
785
Mountaineering
785
Olympic Games
127–8
Tour de France
864
‘Springtime of the Nations’ (1848) 1303
S.S. (Schutz Staffeln) 970, 975, 976, 997–8, 1002,
1003, 1015, 1016, 1017, 1051, 1326–7
Stalin, J. V. 915, 937, 959–61, 962, 964, 986, 991, 992, 996, 997, 1211, 1328–9
World War II and 998, 1000, 1003, 1010, 1012, 1013, 1027, 1028, 1030, 1036–7
post-1945 1047, 1052, 1058, 1059, 1062, 1067, 1090–1, 1100
Stalingrad, battle for (1942–3) 1031–2
Stalinism 961–2, 964–5, 1099–100, 1101
Stanford University 29–30
Stanisław August Poniatowski, King of Poland
608, 610, 659–60, 663, 692, 719,
806–7
Stanisław, Leszczyński, King of Poland 606, 653,
659
Staszic, Stanisław 611, 692
State formation
456
, 1268
Stauffenberg, Claus von 1040
Stefan Batory, King of Poland 555, 1209
Stefan IV Dushan, Serbian Tsar 389
Stein, Baron Karl von 611, 733
Steno, Nils 792
Stepanova, Elena 461
Stephen II, Pope 284, 286–7, 288–90
Stirner, Max 840
Stoics 124, 126, 597
Stonehenge xv, 74, 76
Stopes, Marie
183–4
, 958
Stradivarius, Antonius 592–3
Strasbourg 622–3
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) 1111,
1113
Strategic Arms Reduction Talks (START) 1113
Strategic Defence Initiative (SDI)
1111
Streicher, Julius 1051, 1054
Stresemann, Gustav 942
Struensee, Johann Friedrich 640
Stuart, Charles Edward ‘the Young
Pretender’ 632, 657
Stuart, House of 545, 549, 628–9, 631, 632, 657
Stuart, James Edward, ‘the Old Pretender’ 631, 632
Stubbs, George 688
Sub-Carpathian Ruthenia 979, 995, 1249, 1314, 1315, 1316, 1317
Sudetenland 987, 989–90, 1049, 1317
Suetonius 177
Suleiman the Magnificent, Ottoman sultan 545, 560
Summertown, 1992 1130–6
Superstition
983–4
Suvorov, Alexander 722, 726
Sweden
Christianity and 328
civil war 504, 506, 554
early modern 553–4
eighteenth century 640–1
French Revolutionary Wars and 717, 737
gains Norway 737, 762
independence 553
inter-war period 977
liberalism 811
loses Finland 737
politics
940–1
post-1945 1087
Thirty Years War and 564, 565
Swedish Social Democratic Party
940–1
, 977
Switzerland 1257
Counter-Reformation 502
medieval 404
post-1945 1087
Reformation 488
Symbolism 157, 194–5, 710, 1228–9
Syphilis
512
Syracuse 139–47
Syria 133, 148, 155, 252, 1069
Szátmár, Peace of (1711) 647
Szymborska, Wisława 1047–8
Tacitus, Cornelius 155
Taizé
1024–5
Talleyrand-Perigord, Charles de 695, 752, 753, 762
Tamara, Queen of Georgia 335
Tamerlane 298
Tasman, Abel 511
Tasso, Torquato 482
Tatarstan 364, 816
Tawney, Richard 518
Taxation 159–60, 185, 240, 523, 618–19, 648, 771
Taylor, A. J. P. 4, 45–6, 895–6,
988–9
Technology
706–7, 769
, 1208, 1272–3
Teheran Conference (1943) 1036, 1037–8
Terrorism 841
Tetzel, Johann 484–5
Teutonic Knights 359, 363, 364
Thales 119
Thatcher, Margaret 1075, 1116, 1119
Theatre
(see
Drama)
Theodosius, Byzantine Emperor 211, 240, 259
Thera 92, 93
Thermopylae, battle of (480
BC)
98
Thirty Years War 563–5, 567–8
Thucydides 129, 132
Tiberius, Roman Emperor 188
Tilly, Johann, General 564, 565
Tilsit, Treaty of (1807) 727, 733, 747
Time 66–70, 152–3, 267–8, 432, 434–5, 698, 1215, 1250, 1288–9
Tišo, Josef 993, 1060
Titanic
, the 796, 895
Titian, Tiziano Vercelli 481, 496
Tito, Josip Broz 1010, 1033, 1039, 1100, 1124
Titus, Roman Emperor 189
Tkachev,P.N. 839
Tokay 77
Tone, Wolfe 637, 737
Torquemada, Thomas 453
Torture
543–4
Totalitarianism 499, 944–9
Toynbee, Arnold 66
Trade 513
Tradition 708
Trafalgar, battle of (1805) 726–7
Trajan, Roman Emperor 189, 191
Transport 769
(see also
Canals, Communications,
Railways, Roads, Rome (Ancient) roads) Transylvania 521, 560
Treblinka 706–7, 1016, 1018
Trent, Council of 496, 497, 545
Trevithick, Richard 682
Trieste 1059
Triple Alliance 871
Triple Entente 871
Tristan and Isolde 223–4, 1208
Trotsky, Lev Bronshtein 894, 917, 919, 929, 931, 934, 959–60, 964
Troy 98
Truman, Harry 1047, 1062, 1063
Truman Doctrine (1947) 1063, 1099–100, 1109
Tukhachevsky, Mikhail 935, 941, 959
Tull, Jethro 680
Turgot, Jacques 602, 603, 605
Turkey, Republic of 938
Turks
origins 298
Seljuk Turks 298, 332, 333, 335
(see also
Ottoman Empire)
Turner, J. M. W. 688, 1211
‘Twelfth Century Renaissance’ 348–50, 361
Tyler, Wat 417
U2-incident (1960) 1111, 1112
Ukraine 1315
famine
965
German occupation in World War II 1013, 1015
Hetman State 655
independence (1991) 1126
national question 831, 833
nationalism 828
origins
54–5
, 334
religion 505
Russian Civil War and 928–9, 932
russification 655
taken by Muscovy 555–6, 558
Terror-Famine 964
(see also
Kievan Rus’)
Ukrainian Insurrectionary Army 1032,
1034–5
Ulbricht, Walter 1061
Ulster 503, 549, 551, 636–7, 822, 831, 943, 1075,
1088
Uniate (Greek Catholic) Church 505
Unigenitus Dei filius
, Papal Bull, 593, 621
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR, 1923–91)
agriculture 961, 964, 1097
archives 1014–15
armed forces 1095
August coup (1991) 1225–6
Baltic States incorporated 1009
Bukovina and Bessarabia incorporated 1009–10
cinema 918–19
collectivization 961, 965
Communist Party (CPSU) 1093–4, 1321
culture 1098
de-Stalinization 1091–2
dissolution of 1125–6
economy 1096–7
environment 1097
expansion 1314
Five Year Plans 961, 1096
formation 932
‘Glasnost’ 1121, 1122
Gulag 962, 963, 1330
inter-war foreign policy 986, 992
inter-war period 959–62, 964–5
‘Kulaks’ 964
New Economic Policy (NEP) 937, 960
nuclear programme 1091, 1097
‘Perestroika’ 1106, 1108, 1121, 1126
political system 1093–5, 1321
post-war foreign policy 1062, 1067
re-armament 961, 1111
religion 1098–9
reparations demands to Germany 1060
science 1091
security forces 962, 1095
society 1095–6
Stalinism 961–2, 964–5, 1090–1
Terror 962, 964
War Communism 937
(see also
Communism, KGB, Lenin, NKVD, Stalin, World War II)
United Kingdom
and Europe 13
British Commonwealth 1069
Clearances 632
Congress System and 763
de-colonization 1068–9
early modern society 632
foundation 628–9, 631–2, 1285
French Revolutionary Wars 721, 724–5, 726–7, 728
Hanoverian dynasty 637–8
Imperial policy 851
inter-war politics 976–7
July Crisis and 877, 879–88
liberalism 802–3, 807, 810
Luddite rebellion 737
Napoleonic Era 737
nineteenth century 807, 810
post-1945 1074–5
Regency period 737, 754
State Nationalism 813
Suffrage movement 958
war with U.S.A. 739, 742
Vienna Congress gains 762
(see also
England, Ireland, Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales)
United Nations 1030, 1081, 1112
United Provinces of The Netherlands,
see
Netherlands
United States of America
‘Containment’ 1063
Declaration of Independence 637
historiography 29–31
inter-war period 927, 942–3, 965–6
Monroe Doctrine 763
post-1945 1059, 1062–4, 1070–1, 1077, 1080–1, 1109–17
War of Independence 637–8, 678–9, 689, 690
World War I 910–11, 914, 921
World War II 1008–9, 1028, 1030–1, 1036–48
Universities 361, 1248
Uralian-Finnic Group 219
Urban II, Pope 345
Utopianism 444,
491, 836–7, 945–6
Utrecht, Union of (1579) 538
Uzhgorod, Union of (1646) 505
Vagrancy 535–6
Valentinian, Byzantine Emperor 240
Valla, Lorenzo 477
Valmy, battle of (1792) 697, 719, 721
Valois, House of 408, 420, 421, 426, 539
Valtellina 537–8, 1219
Vandals 215, 222, 229, 242
Vasiliev, Alexei 1011
Vatican City 944, 1089
Vauban
(see
Le Preste)
Velazquez, P. 1210
Venice, Republic
Crusades and 359–60
demise of 345, 715
empire 1255
middle ages 344–5, 419
Verdun
battle of
905
Treaty of (843) 306, 313
Vergniaud, Pierre 702
Verlaine, Paul 862
Versailles, Treaty of (1919) 927, 941, 942, 949, 986
Vespasian, Roman Emperor 189
Vespucci, Amerigo 511
Vico, Giambattista 603, 611, 683, 686
Victor Amadeus II, Duke of Savoy 638
Victor Emmanuele II, King of Italy 824
Victoria, Queen of Great Britain 1300–1
Vidal de la Blache, Paul 47,
955–6
Vienna
Congress of (1814–15) 738, 761, 762
in 1900
849–50
Jewish community
849–50