trade 379, 513
(see also
Austrian Netherlands, Belgium, Spanish Netherlands)
Nevsky, Alexander, Prince 334
New Model Army 506, 552
Newcomen, Thomas 680
Newman, John H. 795, 796
Newton, Isaac 598–9
Ney, Michel 755, 761
Nibelungen, Legend of
230–1
, 1206
Nicean Creed 205–6, 209, 259
Nicholas II, Pope 336
Nicholas II, Tsar of Russia 903, 907, 914, 915, 916, 931
Nietzsche, Friedrich 854, 856, 859–60
Nietzsche-Foerster, Elizabeth 859
Nijmegen, Congress of (1678–9) 624
Nikitin, Afanasii 467
Nikon, Patriarch 558
Nikopolis, siege of
391
Nine Years’ War 624–5
NKVD 1003, 1039
Nobel, Alfred B.
873
Nobel Peace Prize
873
Nomads 215–20, 296–8, 332–3, 364–6, 386
Non-Indo European peoples 219–20
Normandy 293, 339, 354–5, 423–5, 1039–40, 1207
Normanist Theory
656–7
Normans 336–9, 339, 926
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO) 1070–1, 1073, 1074, 1075, 1084, 1085, 1086, 1087, 1102, 1109, 1111, 1116, 1334
Northern Ireland
(see
Ulster) Norway
language
738
, 815–16
taken by Sweden 737, 762
World War II 1005
(see also
Denmark, Scandinavia, Vikings)
Nostradamus, Michel de
546–7
Novalis, Friedrich von Hardenberg 683
Novel, The 444, 498–9, 581, 589, 606, 608, 788,
825, 867
Novgorod
327
, 334, 457, 464, 466, 557
Novotny, Antonin 1105
Numeracy
79–80
, 349,
1242–3
Nuremberg 1051
Nuremberg Laws 974, 1051
Nuremberg Trials 1021, 1048–55
Nystadt, Treaty of (1721) 653
O’Connell, Daniel 831
Obrenovič, Milos 644
Odessa 655
Oedipus, King of Thebes
120–1
Oghams (Ogam)
1234–5
Oldenburg, House of 640
Oliva, Treaty of (1660) 554, 556, 557
Olivares, Gaspar de Guzman 534
Omar Khayyam 333
Onomastics 86–9, 310
Opera 532, 1278
Operation Barbarossa 1013, 1015–16
Operation Keelhaul
1046–7
Operation Overlord 1039–40
Operation Sealion 1008
Operation Torch 1030–1
Orange, House of 539, 640, 1254
Orange-Nassau, House of
527–9
Orange Order
527–9
Orange, Principality of
527–9
, 1254
Oresme, Nicholas 436
Orff, Carl 956
Organization for Economic Co-operation and
Development (OECD) 1064, 1065
Orientalism 19, 560
Orlov, Alexei, Count 652
Orthodox Christianity
iconography
247–8
in the Balkans 644, 646
medieval 265–72, 328–32, 392–3, 446, 448
nineteenth century 795, 799
(see also
Bulgaria, Greece, Kievan Rus’, Lithuania, Romania, Russian Orthodox Church, Serbia) Ortygia 141
Ossian 613–14
Ostrogoths 215, 224, 229, 232, 234
Otto I, King of the Hellenes 834
Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor 316–17, 1246
Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor 317, 1207
Ottoman Empire
Balkan nationalism and 834
collapse (1918) 937–8
conquest of Constantinople (1453) 448, 450
decline 643–4, 646, 869, 870, 874, 1284, 1309
early modern age 558, 560
Phanariot regime 644
rise of 386, 1259
under Köprülüs 641
World War I and 901, 902,
907
•Young Turks’ 874
O.U.P. 17, 262
Oxford 88, 343–4, 361, 435, 552, 793–4, 796, 1130
Ovid (Ovidius Naso) 178
Pacifism 874–5
Paganism 72–3, 110–14, 160, 161–2, 226–7, 280–1,
429–30, 432, 1207, 1234–5
Paine, Tom 679
Painting 247–8, 441, 473–6, 474–5, 586–9, 688, 787–8, 806–7, 862–5, 866, 953–6, 1205–12
Palach, Jan 1107
Palaeography 241, 1217, 1226–7
Palaeologi Dynasty 385–6
Palaeologos, Constantine XI, Byzantine
Emperor 448
Paleologos, John VIII, Byzantine Emperor 446
Palaeologos, Zoe 455, 457, 461
Pale of Settlement (Ireland) 409, 549
Pale of Settlement, Jewish (in Russia) 661, 795,
842, 1311
Palladio, Andrea 481
Palm,J.W. 733
Pan-Slavism 817
Pankhurst, Emmeline 958
Papacy 1224–5
Avignon exile 403
conclave
398
‘Donation of Constantine’ 290, 477, 1206
Franks and 288–90, 298, 302
Holy Office 497
Index
260–1
, 497, 1274
Infallibility 796, 797
Inquisition 437, 453, 497, 498–9
medieval 292, 298, 302, 336, 339, 342, 397–8, 401, 403
origins of 203, 257, 270, 273
Papal Supremacy 339, 342, 401
schism 417, 419
Syllabus
800–1
‘Vatican II’Council 1079
Papal State
decline of 639
demise of 731, 824
establishment of 290, 397–8
Papen, Franz von 967, 969
Paper
350
Papyrus 137
Paracelsus (Philipus von Hohenheim)
489–90
Paris Commune (1871) 803, 836, 869
Paris Peace Conference (1919) 926–8, 941–3
Paris Peace Conference (1946) 1058–9
Paris, liberation of (1944) 104
Paris, Louvre 722
Paris, Peace of (1856) 870
Parthenopian Republic 731
Pascal, Blaise 509–10, 621
Passarowitz, Treaty of (1718) 643
Passy, Colloquy of (1561) 506
Patarenes 333–3
Patmos 196
Patriarchy 72–3, 89, 92
Patton, General George 1042
Paul I, Tsar of Russia 652, 726, 739
Paul II, Pope 455, 457
Paul III, Pope 496, 511
Paul IV, Pope 484, 496
Paul V, Pope 571–2
Paul VI, Pope 1079
Paulus, Friedrich von 1031–2
Pavia, Battle of (1525) 544, 545
Peasants 587–8, 1212, 1292
Peasants’War 485, 488
Peasants’Revolt 417
Pechenegs (Patzinaks) 334
Pelagius 264–5
Peloponnesian War 98
Peppin the Short, King of the Franks 286, 287,
288, 289, 290
Percentages Agreement (1944) 1036–7
Pericles 132
Persia 98, 100, 102, 104, 244, 245
Persian Wars 98, 100, 102
Pétain, Henri 921, 1006, 1060
Peter I, Tsar of Russia 649, 652–4, 659
Peter II, Tsar of Russia 652
Peter III, Tsar of Russia 652
Pétion de Villeneuve, Jérome 702
Petit, General 750
Petöfi, Sandor 804, 805
Petrarch (Francesco Petrarca) 399, 400, 473, 477
Petrovic dynasty 644, 834
Philip II, King of Spain 497, 531–2, 534, 538, 1209
Philip V, d’Anjou, King of Spain 625, 638
Philip of Macedon 102
Philippe IV le Bel, King of France 404, 406–7,
408
Philippe le Hardi, Duke of Burgundy 426
Philippe-August, King of France 355
Philosophy
early modern 477, 507–10, 520–1
Enlightenment 597–8, 683–6
Greece (ancient) 105–6, 110–11, 119, 122–6,
124
medieval 349, 433–6
Roman 176–7, 191,
213
19th Century 789–94, 802–3, 836–40, 854–9
20th Century 951–2, 1076–7
Philotheus of Pskov 464–5
Phoenicia 104, 108, 1218
Photography
770
Physics 119–22, 435, 507–10, 530–1,
598–9, 857
,
1273
Physiocrats 602, 682
Piast Dynasty 325, 428, 429
Pico della Mirandola, G. 477, 479
Piedmont 638
Pilecki, Witold 1023
Piłsudski, Józef 828, 902, 910, 925, 929, 934, 935, 937, 977, 978. 993
Piracy
561
Pirenne, Henri 257–8
Pisa 342
Pitt, William, ‘the Younger’ 721, 726, 737
Pius VI, Pope 673, 674, 731
Pius VII, Pope 711, 731, 751
Pius IX, Pope 797
Pius X, Pope 799
Pius XI, Pope 944, 952
Pius XII, Pope 1021
Pizarro, Francisco 511
Plantagenet Dynasty 408–9, 420, 423, 1252
Plato 110–11
Pleven, René 1083
Pleven Plan 1084
Pliny the Younger 189, 191
Plutarch 143, 144
Poggio, Bracdolni G. F. 477
Poitiers, battle of (732) 255
Pokrovsky M. N. 36
Poland 1316
archives
1014–15
Christianity and 324–5
Congress Kingdom of Poland (1815–74) 762, 826, 828
German occupation (1939–45) 1002
independence (1918) 925, 927
integral nationalism 828
inter-war period 978, 993, 1316
Jewish community in 978, 1208
Kingdom of Poland (1917) 910
literature 1, 481–2, 608–10
medieval 429, 1264
Mongol invasion
365
Napoleon and 736–7, 742
national movement 826, 828
Polish Legions 902, 910
post-1945 1037–8, 1044, 1060, 1061–2, 1102–3, 1107–8
post-1989 1124, 1125
Resistance 1032–3
revolution of 1989 1123
Rising of 1830 826, 1211
Rising of 1863 828
Rising of 1905 828
Solidarity Movement 1108, 1122, 1123
Soviet occupations of (1939–41), (1944–90) 1002–3
outbreak of World War II 993, 995–8, 1000–1
(see also Rzeczpospolita)
Polish-Soviet War (1919–20) 929, 934–5,
936
,937
Polish Partitions 660, 661, 663
First Partition (1773) 663–4, 679
Second Partition (1793) 701, 719
Third Partition (1795) 721–2
Polish Socialist Party 828
Polish Succession, War of 659
Political History 71, 92–3, 98–102, 136–9, 151–60, 179–82, 188–92, 238–51, 298–308, 311–16, 339–42, 577–80, 695–701, 777–80, 799–842, 943–9, 1071–6, 1089–99, 1127–9
(see also
Absolutism, Anarchism, Autocracy,
Communism, Conservatism,
Constitutional History, Democracy,
Dictatorship, Fascism, Feudalism,
Geopolitics, Imperialism, International
Relations, Law, Liberalism, Nationalism,
Propaganda, Socialism, State formation,
Totalitarianism and individual countries)
Politics 108, 122,
130–1
, 176–7,
249–50, 297, 307, 352, 456
,520–3, 602–5,
658, 696–7
, 702–15,
708, 909, 972–3, 983–4, 1007
, 1093–9, 1333
(see also
Democracy, Liberalism,
Nationalism, Propaganda, Socialism,
Totalitarianism, Utopianism)
Poliziano, Angelo 477
Polovtsians (Cumans) 334, 335
Poltava, battle of (1709) 520, 653, 657
Polybius 143, 155
Pomaks 743–4
Pombal, Sebastäo 638–9
Pompadour, Mme Jeanne de 628
Pompeii
190
Pompey (Pompeius Magnus) 156, 158
Poniatowski, Jozef 677, 719, 737
Pope, Alexander 589
Pope Joan
303
Popper, Karl 1076–7
Population
(see
Demography)
Portugal
colonialism 511, 580
de-colonization 1070
early modern 638–9
Kingdom of 393
Napoleon and 728, 733
nineteenth century 804
Republic 804
secession (1640) 534
Post-modernism 6
Potemkin, Grigory
658
Potsdam Conference (1945) 1036, 1047, 1060,
1061
Poussin, N. 1205
Prado Gallery
806–7
Pragmatic Sanction 646, 647, 648
Prague
architecture 671
aristocracy 671–2
Emperor Rudolph II 529,
530–1
Jewish community 672
Thirty Years War 563–4, 568
W. A. Mozart and 664–71
Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood 787–8, 797
Prehistory 66, 69, –71, 73–4, 76, 78, 81, 83–4, 86
Bronze Age 70, 76, 78, 81
Cromagnon xv
diet
82–3
human remains
85
Iron Age 70, 83–4
Matriarchy
72–3
Mesolithic Age (Middle Stone Age) 70, 73
Neanderthal xv, 69
Neolithic Age (New Stone Age) 70, 74, 76
Paleolithic Age (Old Stone Age) 70–1, 1215
society 69–70, 71, 72–3 74, 84
Three Age Scheme 70
(see also
Stonehenge) Přemyslid Dynasty 428
Pre-romanticism 611–14
Presbyterianism
(see
Calvinism) Price Revolution 517–18, 1271
Primo de Rivera 981, 982
Princip, Gavrilo 877
Printing
445
Propaganda
500–1
Prostitution
190, 413
Protestantism
(see
Reformation) Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph 836, 837, 840
Proust, Marcel 865, 867, 892
Provence 829
Prussia 1276
army
611
Brandenburg-Prussia (from 1613) 494, 556–7
Calvinism in 494
Duchy of (from 1525) 556, 1276
early modern age 556–7, 647–9
French Revolutionary Wars 717, 721
gains in Saxony 762
German unification and 824, 826
intervention in United Provinces 690
Kingdom in (from 1700) 648
Napoleon and 727, 731, 733, 744, 761
Poland-Lithuania and 556
Polish Partitions and 649, 661, 663, 664, 719,
722
rise of 647–9
Royal (Polish) Prussia (from 1466) 556
Teutonic State 363–4, 556
Zollverein 805, 807
Prussian Crusade 363–4
Pskov 464
Psychiatry
454
Psychology 433, 794, 796, 861,
972–3
Ptolemaic Dynasty 133, 135
Public Health
776–7
Pugachev, Emelyan
587–8
Pułaski, Casimir 663, 664
Punic Wars 153, 155