Alexandria 135, 136
Alexei I, Tsar of Russia 558
Alexius I Comnenus, Byzantine Emperor 333
Alfred the Great, King of Wessex 308
Allied Scheme of History 39–42, 1055
Alliluyeva, Svetlana 960
Alphabets
116–17
,1217, 1218
Alps
57, 58, 537–8
, 1219
Alsace
622–3, 718, 1281
Amiens, Peace of (1802) 726
Anarchism 840–1
Anaxagoras 119
Ancient Civilizations
(see
Assyria, Babylon, Cadmus, Egypt, Indus Civilization, Minoan, Mycenae, Phoenicia)
Andorra 1089
Andrič, Ivo
980–1
Andronicus Comnenus, Byzantine Emperor 333
Andropov, Yuri 1093, 1103, 1104, 1109
Andrusovo, Truce of (1667) 556, 558, 574
Angelus
407
Angevin Dynasty (House of Anjou) 398, 401, 429, 1261, 1262
Annales School 47,
955–6
Anne, Empress of Russia 652
Anne, Queen of Great Britain 631
Anthropology
161–2
Anti-communism
917
Anti-fascism 40, 501, 947–8, 952, 985
Anti-semitism 108, 197, 338, 358, 414, 416, 465, 598, 844, 846–7, 850, 857, 859, 969, 974–5, 993, 1002, 1016–25
(see also
Jewry)
Antoninus Pius, Roman Emperor 189
Appeasement 986, 987, 990–1
Aragon, Kingdom of 393–4, 451, 453, 1251, 1252
Arbroath, Declaration of (1320) 409
Arcadia 1205
Archaeology 70–1, 73–4, 762, 78, 81, 83–4,
327
dendrochronology 63–84, 68, 78, 85,
327
(see also
Evans, Arthur; Schliemann, Heinrich)
Archimedes
125
, 143, 144
Architecture
Bauhaus 956
Enlightenment 586
Gothic style
356–7
Greece (Ancient) 119
Inter-war 956
medieval 440–1
Neo-classicism 786
Renaissance 481
Rome (Ancient) 174
Secession
(Jugendstil)
865
Arcimboldo, G. 529, 1211
Ariosto, Ludovico 482
Aristophanes 115
Aristotle 110–11
Armenia
Bagratid State 335
Christianity and 265
genocide
909
Arndt, Ernst Moritz 733
Arras, Union of (1578) 538
Ashmole, Elias 633–4
Art
Art Nouveau 865
Baroque 505–6
Dutch School 539
Enlightenment 586
Galleries 806–7
Impressionism 865, 866, 1212
Inter-war 953–6
medieval 441, 474–5
Modern 862, 864–5, 866, 1212
Renaissance 481
Romanticism 688
Socialist realism 1098, 1011, 1212
Arts
(see
Architecture, Ballet, Cinema, Dance, Drama, Icon, Literature, Music, Opera, Painting, Photography, Sculpture, Theatre) Art Theft 741–2
Assyria 114–15, 1216
Asturias, Kingdom of 302
Ataturk (Mustafa Kemal) 907,937–8
Atheism 9, 479–80, 541, 601, 795, 800, 838, 856, 945, 952
Athens 128–9, 132
Athos, Mount 319
Atlantic Charter (1941) 1027, 1030
Attila ‘the Hun’ 232, 1206
Attlee, Clement 1047
Auerstadt, battle of (1806) 727
Augsburg, Confession of (1530) 485, 554
Augsburg, League of (1686) 624, 631
Augsburg, Peace of (1555) 504, 506, 526
Augustinian Order 345
Augustus, Roman Emperor 182
Augustus II, King of Poland 653, 657, 659
Augustus III, King of Poland 657, 659
Auschwitz 1002, 1016, 1018, 1023, 1026–7
Austerlitz, battle of (1805) 727, 727
Austria (Empire)
1848 revolution and 824, 826
establishment 733
Italian gains 762
Austria (Republic)
Anschluss
987
Nazi coup attempt 986
post-1945 1088
Austria-Hungary
annexation of Bosnia 871, 874
Ausgleich
(1867) 805, 828–9
Bosnian crisis 874, 875, 877, 879
collapse (1918) 921
national question in 828–9, 1307
World War I 901, 902, 903, 907, 909
Austrian Netherlands
Brussels rising 804
French invasion 719
French Revolutionary Wars 721
revolt of 1789 692–3, 695
Union of Belgian States 695
Austrian State Treaty (1955) 1088
Austrian Succession, War of 648–9
Autocracy 129, 184, 247, 578–9, 1265
Babel, Isaac
936
Babylon 92, 114–15, 1216
Bach, J. S. 590,
660
Bacon, Francis 508–9
Bacon, Roger 433, 435–6
Bakhtin, Mikhail 541
Bakunin, Mikhail 840
Balance of Power 581–2, 661
Balbao, Vasco Núñez de 511
Balfour, Arthur 907
Balfour Declaration (1917) 907
Balkan League 874
Balkan Pact 977
Balkan Peninsula 61
society
390
Wars 834, 874
Ballet 472
Balliol, John 408
Baltic peoples 227
Baltic Sea 59–60, 1331
Baltic States 1331
(see also
Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania)
Balzac, Honoré de 788
Banking 401, 416, 518, 582, 682
Bannockburn, battle of (1314) 408, 409
Barcelona massacre (1939) 984–5
Baroque culture 504, 505–6
Barrès, Maurice 822
Basil I, Byzantine Emperor 318
Basques 220,
639
Battenberg family
808–10
, 1300–1
Baudelaire, Charles 861–2
Bayezit, Ottoman Sultan 386
Bayle, Pierre 599, 603
Beauharnais, Josephine de 726, 756
Beauvoir, Simone de 1076
Beck, Józef 978
Bede, The Venerable 277–81
Beethoven, Ludwig van 590,667–8,
684–5
, 688
Begin, Menahim 978
Belarus (Byelorussia)
absorbed by Lithuania 392
Byelorussian National Republic 933
incorporated into the Russian Empire 661
nationalism 828
Belgium
626–7
, 891–3,
904
, 1033, 1060
de-colonization 1069
independence 804
(see also
Austrian Netherlands)
Belisarius 242
Bell, Bishop George 922–3
Bellegarrigue, Anselme 840, 841
Benda, Julien 952
Benedict XIV, Pope 593
Benelux Economic Union (1958) 1075
Beneš, Edvard 990, 1062, 1067
Bentham, Jeremy 598
Berg, Grand Duchy of 729
Beria, Lavrenti 1091
Bering, Vitus 580
Berkeley, George 597–8
Berlin
Blockade (1948–9) 1067, 1071
Congress of (1878) 870–1, 1212
Crisis (1961) 1104–5, 1112–13
Wall 1105, 1112–13, 1123
(see also
Brandenburg Gate)
Bernadotte, Jean-Baptiste 737
Bernini, Gianlorenzo 569,571–5
Bernstein, Eduard 838
Bessarabia 739, 871
(see also
Moldova)
Bethmann Hollweg, Theobald von 879,888–92
Biancamano, Umberto 638
Bible
196
Bierut, Boleslaw 1061–2, 1100, 1102
Bigot de Préamenau, Jean 711
Biology 122, 433
(see also
Botany, Evolution,Genetics)
Bishopric of Rome 203, 212
(see also
Papacy)
Bismarck, Otto von 760, 824, 826, 841–2, 868, 870, 871, 1212
Black Death 409, 411–13
anti-semitism and 412
economic consequences 412
social consequences 412–13
Black Sea 60, 1290
Blake, William 8, 682, 688
Blanc, Louis 836–7
Blanqui, Louis-Auguste 836
Blarney Castle 550
Bloch, Marc 955–6
Blok, Alexander 11–12, 953
Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich 734–5
Bluntschli, Johann Kaspar 874, 875
Boccaccio 1208
Bodin, Jean 521
Bogumilism 322–3
Bohemia
Calvinism 494
Christianity and 324
medieval 428–9
reversion to the Habsburgs 524–5, 526
Thirty Years War and 563–4
(see also
Czechoslovakia)
‘Bolsheviks’ 11, 12, 836, 839–40, 914, 915, 916, 920, 921, 918, 929, 931, 932, 934–5, 937, 938
Bonaparte, Jerome, King of Westphalia 726, 733
Bonaparte, Joseph, King of Naples and
Spain 726, 733
Bonaparte, Louis, King of Holland 726, 729
Bonaparte, Luden, Prince of Canino 726
Bonaparte, Napoleon 701, 711, 712, 722, 724, 725–6, 727, 728, 729, 737, 739, 742, 744, 746, 747, 1210
Army of Italy and 722
Concordat 703, 711
death of 99–100, 762
fall of 748–57
Hundred Days 761–2
Imperial Guard 748, 751
suicide bid 755
Bonaparte, Napoleon II, King of Rome 726
Bonchamps, Marquis de 704, 707
Boniface VIII, Pope 401
Bormann, Martin 1045, 1052
Borodino, battle of (1812) 742, 751
Bosnia 870, 871, 874, 875, 980–1, 1124, 1258
Bosnian Crisis 874, 875, 877
Bossuet, Jacques 602–3
Bosworth Field, battle of (1485) 426
Botany 122, 530, 599
Botticelli, Sandro 469, 481
Bouboulina, Laskarina 732
Bourbon, House of 494, 506, 539, 638, 639
Bouvines, battle of (1214) 354, 355, 376
Boxer Rebellion 852
Boyne, battle of the 631, 631
Brahe, Tycho 508
Brandenburg Gate 720
Brandt, Willy 1114, 1124
Branting, Hjalmar 940–4
Brecht, Berthold 952
Brest, Union of (1596) 505
Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of (1918) 914, 920
Bretton Woods Conference (1944) 1081
Brezhnev, Leonid 1090, 1092, 1106, 1108
Brezhnev Doctrine 1092, 1106
Briand, Aristide 950–1
Brie
299
Brienne, Lomenie de 688, 691
Brissot, Jacques Pierre 717, 719
Britain
ancient 69, 231–2
local history
418–19
Bronze Age 76, 78, 81
Brooke, Rupert 892–3
Brothers Karamazov, The
496–9
Bruch, Max 788–9
Brunelleschi, Filippo 473
Brunswick, Charles, Duke of 695, 721
Brussels
926–7
Brussels Treaty of (1948) 1067, 1070
Buczacz
1034–5
Budapest
367–6
Budé, Guillaume
477
Bukovina, Austrian seizure (1774)
644, 1012
, 1315
Bulgaria
Balkan Wars 874
Christianity and 321, 323–4
Empire 320–1, 1245
fall of 388, 391
Bulgaria
(cont.):
independence 870, 871
medieval 1245
Patriarchate established 380–1
post-1945 1105, 1245
Second Empire 386, 388
under Ottomans 644
Bulgars 246
Bulge, battle of the (1944) 1042
Burckhardt, Jakob 473, 517
Burgundy, Duchy of 230–1, 426–7, 524, 1260
Burke, Edmund 699, 701, 713
Butler, Joseph 601
Byron, Lord George 97, 683
Byzantium 1206, 1237
civilization 246, 248, 250–1
decline of 332–5
defences
243
early development 238–40, 242, 244–6
economy 250
Macedonian Dynasty 318, 320, 1237
medieval 385–6
military 250
Papacy and 288
ritual
249–50
society 250–1
see also
Constantinople
Cabala 396–7
Cabet, Etienne 836
Cabot, John 511
Cadmus 116–17
Cadoudal, Georges 708
Caesar, Julius 155, 156, 158, 177
Calais 545
Calendar
152–3, 267–8, 698
Caligula, Roman Emperor 188
Caliphs 252–3
Calvin, Jean 490, 492, 493
Cambrai, Peace of (1529) 545
Camembert
299
Campbell, Neil 754, 755
Campo Formio, Peace of (1797) 724
Canals 303, 602, 681–2, 980, 1081
Canary Islands 451
Cannae, battle of (216
BC)
155
Canning, George 763
Canossa
342
Canute (Knut), King of Denmark and England 294, 308, 328
Capetian Dynasty 317, 318, 353, 354, 404, 406–8
Capitalism 422–3, 517–18
Caporetto, battle of (1917) 907
Carbonari 823
Carbon dating 68
Carlowitz, Peace of (1699) 643
Carlyle, Thomas 6, 677, 693–4
Carnot, Lazare 715
Carron, Antoine 1209
Carthage 104, 108, 139–47,1530, 155
Carthusian Order 345
Cartier, Jacques 513, 539
Casanova, Giovanni di Seingalt 672–3
Casimir the Great, King of Poland 429, 431, 1208
Cassiodorus, Flavius Senator 266
Cassius, Longinus 158
Castile 345, 380, 393, 451–5, 1241
Castile and Aragón, Union of 451, 453
Catastrophes 89–94, 640, 895
Cateau-Cambresis, Peace of (1559) 539, 545
Cathars 361–2, 410–11
Catherine I, Empress of Russia 652
Catherine II, Empress of Russia 610–11, 649, 652, 654, 658, 692, 719
Cato, Marcus Porcius, ‘The Censor’ 155, 156
Cato, Marcus Porcius, ‘Uticensis’ 156, 158
Caucasian peoples 219
Caucasus, geography 61, 1298
Caulaincourt, Armand de 752, 755
Cavalry 174, 215, 229, 311, 518–20, 585–4, 938
Cavour, Camillo 823
Ceausescu, Nicolae 1105
Celtic Language 79–80
Celts 84, 86–7, 88, 221–2, 308–9
Censorship 260–1, 445, 1274
(see also
Index) Chamberlain, Austen 951
Chamberlain, Houston Stewart 817
Chamberlain, Neville 976, 987, 990, 995, 997
Channel Islands 1089
Chanson de Roland
255
Chaplin, Charles 958
Charity 778–9, 1029
Charlemagne, St 258, 298, 302–4, 305–6, 307, 326, 1207, 1239
Empire 298, 302, 1239
Charles I, Emperor of Austria 910, 921, 934
Charles le Téméraire, Duke of Burgundy 426, 427
Charles the Bald, Carolingian King 306, 308