Europe: A History (273 page)
Parliamentary Assemblies
(a) British House of Commons(Westminster)
(b) British House of Lords(Westminster)
(c) Supreme Soviet(Moscow)
Political Groups in the European Parliament (Strasbourg, 1994) (after N. Nugent)
See also
pp. 696–7
.
Europe 1995: Membership of Five International Organizations
*
| | C of E 1 | NATO 2 | WEU 3 | EU 4 | CSCE 5 |
| Founded | 1949–50 | 1949 | 1954 | 1957 | 1975 |
| Function | Co-operation in legal and cultural affairs and human rights | Defence | European Defence | Economic, social, and political integration | Confidence-building measures |
| HQ | Strasbourg | Brussels | Brussels | Brussels | Prague |
| Total membership (1995) | 33 | 16 | 10 | 15 | 53 |
| Albania | G | PfP | | | CSCE |
| Andorra | C of E | | | STr | |
| Armenia | | PfP | | | CSCE |
| Austria | C of E | | | EU | CSCE |
| Belarus | G | PfP | | | CSCE |
| Belgium | C of E | NATO | WEU | EU | CSCE |
| Bosnia | G | | | | |
| Bulgaria | C of E | PfP | A | A | CSCE |
| Croatia | G | | | | CSCE |
| Cyprus | C of E | | | A | CSCE |
| Czech Republic | C of E | PfP | A | A | CSCE |
| Denmark | C of E | NATO | Ob | EU | CSCE |
| Estonia | C of E | | A | A | CSCE |
| Finland | C of E | PfP | Ob | EU | CSCE |
| France | C of E | NATO | WEU | EU | CSCE |
| Georgia | | PfP | | | CSCE |
| Germany | C of E | NATO | WEU | EU | CSCE |
| Greece | C of E | NATO | WEU | EU | CSCE |
| Hungary | C of E | PfP | A | A | CSCE |
| Iceland | C of E | NATO | | EEA | CSCE |
| Ireland | C of E | | Ob | EU | CSCE |
| Italy | C of E | NATO | WEU | EU | CSCE |
| Latvia | G | PfP | A | A | CSCE |
| Lithuania | C of E | PfP | A | A | CSCE |
| Luxembourg | C of E | NATO | WEU | EU | CSCE |
| Macedonia | G | | | | Ob |
| Malta | C of E | | | A | CSCE |
| Moldova | G | PfP | | | CSCE |
| Monaco | | | | STr | CSCE |
| Netherlands | C of E | NATO | WEU | EU | CSCE |
| Norway | C of E | NATO | | EEA | CSCE |
| Poland | C of E | PfP | A | A | CSCE |
| Portugal | C of E | NATO | WEU | EU | CSCE |
| Romania | C of E | PfP | A | A | CSCE |
| Russia | G | PfP | | | CSCE |
| San Marino | C of E | | | STr | CSCE |
| Slovakia | C of E | PfP | A | A | CSCE |
| Slovenia | C of E | PfP | | A | CSCE |
| Spain | C of E | NATO | WEU | EU | CSCE |
| Sweden | C of E | PfP | Ob | EU | CSCE |
| Switzerland | C of E | | | STr | CSCE |
| Turkey | C of E | NATO | | | CSCE |
| Ukraine | G | PfP | | | CSCE |
| United Kingdom | C of E | NATO | WEU | EU | CSCE |
| Vatican State | | | | | CSCE |
| Yugoslav Federation (Serbia 4 Montenegro) | | | | | Suspended |
| Canada | | NATO | | | |
| USA | | NATO | | | |
Key
C of E = Full member; A = Associate status; G = Guest member; EEA = Member of European Economic Area only; PfP = Member of Partnership for Peace; Ob = Observer status; STr = Special Treaty status
*
Crowned Emperors [ ] = anti-Emperors, or unconfirmed electees
*
University founded from an older institution (dates) in brackets indicate refoundations.
*
crowned King;
**
also King of Poland
*
States which lost all but nominal sovereignty for a period under Soviet domination.
†
Legion of St George (1940), British volunteers; SS-Fallschirmjäger (SS Parachute Brigade (penal); SS-Panzer Abteilung ‘Hermann von Salza’; Begleit Battalion-Reichsführer (SS escort battalion); Wachtbattalion-Adolf Hitler (Führer’s bodyguard).
*
Units composed mainly of non-German troops.
**
Units composed mainly or partly of East European
Volksdeutsch
troops.
+
Units always below divisional strength. NB. Designations were prefixed either with ‘SS-’ (for units fully integrated
into all the SS organizations) or with ‘der SS’ (for non-integrated units).
*
This lours includes 3–4 million Soviet POWi killed doling Nazi captivity or on repatriation
**
This huge number, which ls bated on pott-war demographic short-falls, not on recorded deaths, concealt several categories listed in Table 5. It is only partly attributable to the German Occupation. It also ignores the breakdown by nationality, never officially disclosed, where the heaviest losses were sustained by Ukrainians, Byelorussians, Russians, Poles, Baits, and Jews.
***
The lower figure does not allow for Polish citizens obliged to adopt Soviet citizenship in 1939.
*
Source: Independent
, 5.12.94
1
Council of Europe (including Court of Human Rights)
2
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
3
Western European Union
4
European Union (formerly European Economic Community) including the European Court
5
Conference on Security and co-oneration in Europe
(Bold page numbers refer to the Capsules)
Aachen
305–6
Abdul Hamid II, Ottoman Sultan 870
Abkhazia 739,
816
, 1298
Aboukir Bay, battle of (1799) 725
Absolutism 578, 579–80, 1265
Académie des Beaux Arts 623
Académie Française 623
Accountancy
402
Act of Union (1707) 628, 631–2
Act of Union (1801) 637, 737
Action Française 822, 977
Actium, battle of (31
BC)
156, 158
Adenauer, Konrad 1061, 1066, 1072, 1074, 1084
Adrianople, Peace of (1568) 560
Aeschylus 100, 102
Africa, colonization 851
Agobard
304
Agricultural revolution
371
Agriculture
75–6
Ahmad, Khan of the Golden Horde 457
Air Transport 768, 769, 1081, 1272–3
Aix-la-Chapelle, Congress of (1818) 762–3
Aix-la-Chapelle, Peace of (1668) 624
Akhmatova, Anna 897, 953
Alans 215, 222, 229, 231
Alaric, King of the Visigoths 229
Albania 1310
eighteenth century 644, 645
independence 874
post-1945 1104
Albigensian Crusade 361–2
Alexander the Great 102, 104,
530–1
Alexander I, Tsar of Russia 649, 652, 739, 747–8
Alexander II, Tsar of Russia 805, 811, 828, 841
Alexander III, Tsar of Russia 811, 843
Alexander VI, Pope 455, 484
Alexander VII, Pope 572, 573–4