Gateway to Freedom: The Hidden History of the Underground Railroad (36 page)

22.
Kate C. Larson, “Racing for Freedom: Harriet Tubman’s Underground Railroad Network through New York,”
Afro-Americans in New York Life and History
, 36 (January 2012), 8–9. Judith Wellman,
Uncovering the Freedom Trail in Auburn and Cayuga County, New York
(Auburn, N.Y., 2005), and Cheryl Janifer LaRoche,
The Geography of Resistance: Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad
(Urbana, Ill., 2014), offer examples of the kind of in-depth local research that has yielded important new information about fugitives and those who aided them.

23.
Hodges,
David Ruggles
; Margaret Hope Bacon,
But One Race: The Life of Robert Purvis
(Albany, 2007); Carol M. Hunter,
To Set the Captives Free: Reverend Jermain Wesley Loguen and the Struggle for Freedom in Central New York, 1835–1872
(New York, 1993); Stanley Harrold,
Subversives: Antislavery Community in Washington, D.C., 1828–1865
(Baton Rouge, 2003); T. Stephen Whitman,
Challenging Slavery in the Chesapeake: Black and White Resistance to Human Bondage, 1775–1865
(Baltimore, 2007); Bordewich,
Bound for Canaan
.

24.
Blight, “Why the Underground Railroad?,” 233–47.

25.
Franklin and Schweninger,
Runaway Slaves
, 97–113; Irwin D. S. Winsboro and Joe Knetsch, “Florida Slaves, the ‘Saltwater Railroad’ to the Bahamas, and Anglo-American Diplomacy,”
Journal of Southern History
, 79 (February 2013), 51–78; Sylviane A. Diouf,
Slavery’s Exiles: The Story of the American Maroons
(New York, 2013).

26.
Bordewich,
Bound for Canaan
, 115; Harrold,
Border War
, xii;
Wilmington Chicken
in
BS
, January 7, 1850.

27.
Christopher Phillips,
Freedom’s Port: The African American Community of Baltimore, 1790–1860
(Urbana, Ill., 1997), 15–33, 66–68, 78–80; Richard Newman and James Mueller, eds.,
Antislavery and Abolition in Philadelphia: Emancipation and the Long Struggle for Racial Justice in the City of Brotherly Love
(Baton Rouge, 2011), 6–7.

28.
Phillips,
Freedom’s Port
, 194; Thomas,
Iron Way
, 17–20;
CA
, September 26, 1840.

29.
FDP
, April 6, 1855.

30.
For the Lower North, see Eric Foner,
Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War
(New York, 1970), 186.

31.
Clare Taylor, ed.,
British and American Abolitionists: An Episode in Transatlantic Understanding
(Edinburgh, 1974), 341–42.

32.
Austin Bearse,
Reminiscences of Fugitive-Slave Law Days in Boston
(Boston, 1880), 33; Siebert,
Underground Railroad
, 104–8; William Lloyd Garrison to James Miller McKim, March 19, 1853, MC; Milton Meltzer and Patricia G. Holland, eds.,
Lydia Maria Child: Selected Letters, 1817–1880
(Amherst, Mass., 1982), 244; Wellman,
Uncovering the Freedom Trail
, 24–26; Benjamin Quarles,
Black Abolitionists
(New York, 1969), 148–49.

33.
Life and Times of Frederick Douglass
, 328–29; Webber,
American to the Backbone
, 110–11, 151.

34.
Hodges,
David Ruggles
, 4;
Emancipator
, December 1, 1836; Henry Grew, Letter of Introduction for William Still, September 10, 1855, ANHS.

35.
Matthew Pinsker, “Vigilance in Pennsylvania: Underground Railroad Activities in the Keystone State, 1837–1861,” Report Presented at the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission Annual Conference on Black History, Harrisburg, 2000, 17–18; Bordewich,
Bound for Canaan
, 4–5;
The Works of Charles Sumner
(15 vols.; Boston, 1870–83), 4: 10–11.

36.
Mark K. Ricks, “The 1848
Pearl
Escape from Washington, D.C.,” in Paul Finkelman and Donald R. Kennon, eds.,
In the Shadow of Freedom: The Politics of Slavery in the National Capital
(Athens, Ohio, 2011), 204–5; Siebert,
Underground Railroad
, 275–79;
Annual Report of the American Anti-Slavery Society . . . for the Year Ending May 1, 1859
(New York, 1860), 100; James B. Stewart, “From Moral Suasion to Political Confrontation: American Abolitionists and the Problem of Resistance,” in Blight, ed.,
Passages to Freedom
, 86; John Niven,
Salmon P. Chase: A Biography
(New York, 1995), 76–83;
Autobiography of Dr. William Henry Johnson
(Albany, 1900), 17.

37.
FDP
, October 1, 1852;
NAS
, June 29, 1843.

38.
PF
, April 21, 1855; Richard M. Blackett,
Making Freedom: The Underground Railroad and the Politics of Slavery
(Chapel Hill, 2013), 15. See also James Oakes, “The Political Significance of Slave Resistance,”
History Workshop
, 22 (Autumn 1986), 89–107.

39.
John Ashworth,
Slavery, Capitalism, and Politics in the Antebellum Republic
(2 vols.; New York, 1995–2007), 2: 41; Bordewich,
Bound for Canaan
, 108; Theodore D. Weld,
American Slavery as It Is
(New York, 1839), 77–82.

40.
NAS
, October 21, 1841; Quarles,
Black Abolitionists
, 61; W. Caleb McDaniel,
The Problem of Democracy in the Age of Slavery: Garrisonian Abolitionists and Transatlantic Reform
(Baton Rouge, 2013), 190–207; Robert L. Hall, “Massachusetts Abolitionists Document the Slave Experience,” in Donald M. Jacobs, ed.,
Courage and Conscience: Black and White Abolitionists in Boston
(Boston, 1993), 80–90.

41.
Don E. Fehrenbacher,
The Slaveholding Republic: An Account of the United States Government’s Relations to Slavery
(New York, 2001), 92–103, 206–14; Sarah E. Cornell, “Citizens of Nowhere: Fugitive Slaves and Free African Americans in Mexico, 1833–1857,”
Journal of American History
, 100 (September 2013), 351–75;
Proceedings of the New York Anti-Slavery Convention Held at Utica, October 21, and New York State Anti-Slavery Society Held at Peterboro, October 22, 1835
(Utica, 1835), 31.

42.
NYT
, November 30, 1855; Ashworth,
Slavery, Capitalism, and Politics
, 2: 41; William W. Freehling,
The Road to Disunion
(2 vols.; New York, 1990–2007), 1: 95; David F. Ericson,
Slavery in the American Republic: Developing the Federal Government, 1791–1861
(Lawrence, Kans., 2011), 91, 103; Barbara J. Fields,
Slavery and Freedom on the Middle Ground
(New Haven, 1985), 16.

43.
FOM
, September 9, 1840; Roy P. Basler, ed.,
The Collected Works of Abraham
Lincoln
(8 vols.; New Brunswick, N.J., 1953–55), 2: 320; 3: 317; 4: 263–69; Eric Foner,
The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery
(New York, 2010), 46–47;
Chicago Tribune
, August 5, 1857; David Brion Davis,
The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Emancipation
(New York, 2014), 233.

44.
Life and Times of Frederick Douglass
, 329.

45.
Fifth Annual Report of the New York Committee of Vigilance
(New York, 1842), 11; J. Miller McKim to David Lee Child, November 22, n.y. [1850s], AC;
NAS
, February 3, 1855.

2. Slavery and Freedom in New York

1.
Christopher Moore, “A World of Possibilities: Slavery and Freedom in Dutch New Amsterdam,” in Ira Berlin and Leslie M. Harris, eds.,
Slavery in New York
(New York, 2005), 31–46; Graham R. Hodges,
Root and Branch: African Americans in New York and East Jersey, 1613–1863
(Chapel Hill, 1999), 8–13, 26–31; Thelma Foote,
Black and White Manhattan: The History of Racial Formation in Colonial New York City
(New York, 2004), 36–40; Ira Berlin,
Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America
(Cambridge, Mass., 1998), 50–53; Edgar J. McManus,
A History of Negro Slavery in New York
(Syracuse, 1966), 4–17.

2.
Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace,
Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898
(New York, 1999), 120–29; Foote,
Black and White Manhattan
, 71–77; Vivienne L. Kruger, “Born to Run: The Slave Family in Early New York, 1626 to 1827” (Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1985), 128–31.

3.
Shane White,
Stories of Freedom in Black New York
(Cambridge, Mass., 2002), 19; Thelma W. Foote, “ ‘Some Hard Usage’: The New York City Slave Revolt of 1712,”
New York Folklore
, 18 (2000), 147–60; Foote,
Black and White Manhattan
, 133; Rhoda G. Freeman,
The Free Negro in New York City in the Era before the Civil War
(New York, 1994), 9; Leslie M. Harris,
In the Shadow of Slavery: African Americans in New York City, 1626–1863
(Chicago, 2003), 29, 43–47; Berlin,
Many Thousands Gone
, 180.

4.
McManus,
History of Negro Slavery
, 21; Moore, “World of Possibilities,” 46–47.

5.
Hodges,
Root and Branch
, 51–52; Arthur Zilversmit,
The First Emancipation: The Abolition of Slavery in the North
(Chicago, 1967), 12; Jill Lepore, “The Tightening Vise: Slavery and Freedom in British New York,” in Berlin and Harris, eds.,
Slavery in New York
, 72–78; Graham Russell Gao Hodges, “Liberty and Constraint: The Limits of Revolution,” in Berlin and Harris, eds.,
Slavery in New York
, 95; McManus,
History of Negro Slavery
, 104–5; Charles R. Foy, “Seeking Freedom in the Atlantic World, 1713–1783,”
Early American Studies
, 4 (Spring 2006), 46–47.

6.
Jonathan Prude, “To Look upon the ‘Lower Sort’: Runaway Ads and the Appearance of Unfree Laborers in America, 1750–1800,”
Journal of American History
, 78 (June 1991), 124–42; Graham R. Hodges and Alan E. Brown, eds.,
“Pretends to Be Free”: Runaway Slave Advertisements from Colonial and Revolutionary New York and New Jersey
(New York, 1994), xiv–xvi, 313;
New-York Gazette
, February 16, 1761; Foote,
Black and White Manhattan
, 181, 190–91; Kruger, “Born to Run,” 227–33; McManus,
History of Negro Slavery
, 109–13.

7.
McManus,
History of Negro Slavery
, 115–16; Foote,
Black and White Manhattan
, 180; Don E. Fehrenbacher,
The Slaveholding Republic: An Account of the United States Government’s Relations to Slavery
(New York, 2001), 206; William Blackstone,
Commentaries on the Laws of England
(4th ed.: 4 vols.; Dublin, 1771), 3: 4–5.

8.
J. William Frost, “Why Quakers and Slavery? Why Not More Quakers?” in Brycchan Carey and Geoffrey Plank, eds.,
Quakers and Abolition
(Urbana, Ill., 2014), 30–36; Harris,
In the Shadow of Slavery
, 48–51.

9.
Foote,
Black and White Manhattan
, 213–15; Hodges,
Root and Branch
, 141; Eric Foner,
The Story of American Freedom
(New York, 1998), 29–34.

10.
Hodges,
Root and Branch
, 144; Cassandra Pybus,
Epic Journeys of Freedom: Runaway Slaves of the American Revolution and Their Global Quest for Liberty
(Boston, 2006), 25–28.

11.
Ira Berlin and Leslie M. Harris, “Introduction,” in Berlin and Harris, eds.,
Slavery in New York
, 13–14; Pybus,
Epic Journeys
, 26–30; Burrows and Wallace,
Gotham
, 248–49.

12.
Hodges, “Liberty and Constraint,” 95; Pybus,
Epic Journeys
, 28; Foote,
Black and White Manhattan
, 215.

13.
Kruger, “Born to Run,” 636–41; “Memoirs of the Life of Boston King, a Black Preacher,”
Methodist Magazine
, 21 (March 1798), 106–7 (April 1798), 5; Pybus,
Epic Journeys
, 62; Daniel E. Meaders,
Dead or Alive: Fugitive Slaves and White Indentured Servants before 1830
(New York, 1993), 218.

14.
Christopher Brown,
Moral Capital: Foundations of British Abolitionism
(Chapel Hill, 2006), 312; Simon Schama,
Rough Crossings: Britain, the Slaves and the American Revolution
(London, 2005), 146–48; Meaders,
Dead or Alive
, 218–23; William R. Riddell, “Interesting Notes on Great Britain and Canada with Respect to the Negro: Jay’s Treaty and the Negro,”
Journal of Negro History
, 13 (April 1928), 187–91. Graham Hodges, ed.,
The Black Loyalist Directory: African Americans in Exile after the American Revolution
(New York, 1996), reproduces and analyzes the Book of Negroes.

15.
Zilversmit,
First Emancipation
; Paul Finkelman, “The Kidnapping of John Davis and the Adoption of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1793,”
Journal of Southern History
, 56 (August 1990), 398.