Gateway to Freedom: The Hidden History of the Underground Railroad (45 page)

Boston Music Hall, 187

Boston Vigilance Committee, 19, 105–6, 114, 143, 144, 147–48, 178, 189

Boudinot, Tobias, 52, 69, 70–72

Bowen, Henry C., 129–30

Bowley, Kessiah, 190

Bowser, Nathaniel, 198

“boxing up,” 103, 105, 113, 163

Brady (policeman), 173

Branch, John, 196

Brazil, 107–8

Breckenridge, John C., 219

Bright, John, 161

Brisbane, William, 196

British Guiana, slavery abolished in, 87

British West Indies, slavery abolished in, 63

Broadway Tabernacle, 55–56

Brodie, William, 21

Bronx, 7

Brooklyn, 47, 78, 115, 117, 139, 230

     committee of nine in, 166

     as destination for fugitives, 3, 134, 135

     economy of, 45

     slave population in, 29, 43, 67

     underground railroad site map for,
xv

Brooklyn Eagle
, 117, 145, 211

Brooklyn Heights, 60, 168

Brooks Brothers, 45

Brown, Albert and Anthony, 158, 208

Brown, Christopher, 35

Brown, Emeline, 142

Brown, Gustavus, 125

Brown, Henry “Box,” 7, 24, 103–5

     autobiography of, 104

Brown, John, 191

Brown, Mary, 126–27

Brown, Robert, 63

Brown, William, 200, 208

Brown Brothers and Co., 45, 129

Browne, John W., 105–7

Bryant, William Cullen, 228–29

Bryant’s Popular History of the United States
, 228

Buchanan, James, 149, 222

Buffalo, N.Y., 120, 124, 139

buggies, 207

Burl, Lewis, 205

“burned over” district, 123, 146

Burns, Anthony, 149–50, 171

Burris, Samuel, 156

Busteed, Richard, 133

Butler, Benjamin F., 223

Butler, Pierce, 37, 57

“Buy for the Sake of the Slave,” 185

Cale, David, 202

Calhoun, John C., 117–18, 121, 217

California, 99, 135, 202

     as free state, 120

Cambridge, Md., 202

Camden, N.J., 2

Camden and Amboy Railroad, 2

Canada:

     abolitionist sentiment in, 77

     census of 1851, 136

     census of 1861, 16, 192, 202

     as destination and safe haven for fugitives, 2, 6, 7, 12, 15, 17–19, 22–23, 25, 26, 30, 48, 49, 63, 71, 82, 84, 85, 87, 88, 105, 111, 134, 137, 138, 141, 144–47, 149, 150, 152, 155, 160, 162, 163, 165, 166, 168, 177–79, 181, 187, 189, 190–93, 202–4, 207, 209, 210–12, 214, 223–25, 229

     settlement of blacks in, 136–37, 200, 202

Canada, Alfred, 69

Canada West (later Ontario), 136, 178

Caribbean, 85

     as destination for fugitives, 25

Carleton, Guy, 35–36

carrier pigeon, 169

Carter, Charles, 197, 203

Cartwright, Samuel A., 4–5

Cary, Mary Ann Shadd, 136–37

Catholic church, 178

Cazenovia Convention, 123

Cecil County, Md., 158

census, Canada:

     of 1851, 136

     of 1861, 16, 192, 202

census, U.S., of 1860, 156, 177

“centennial history” of U.S., 228–29

certificates of removal, 51–52, 124–25

Chambers, Henry, 158

Chambersburg, Pa., 159, 169

Chaplin, William L., 116–17, 123, 154

Chapman, Emeline, 203, 208

Chapman, Henry, 184

Chapman, Maria Weston, 184, 188–89

charity fairs, 183–89

     direct cash subscriptions vs., 188–89

Charles (fugitive), 158, 173

Charleston, S.C., 45, 50, 84, 206, 211, 212

Charleston Mercury
, 218

Chase, Salmon P., 24, 217

Chesapeake Bay, 208

Chester County, Pa., 159

Chestertown, Md., 161, 196, 206, 207, 210

Chestertown Bank, 196

Chestertown News
, 206

Chicago Tribune
, 228

Child, David Lee, 95

Child, Lydia Maria, 94–96, 102, 197

children, black:

     free status of, 139, 202

     kidnapping of, 2, 50, 61, 212

     in slavery, 197, 198

     of slaves, 38, 44, 108, 109, 135, 161, 164–65, 172–73, 190, 192, 199, 200, 202, 203, 205, 206, 209, 210, 214

China, 92

Christiana, Pa., riot in, 146, 159–60, 167

Christmas “shopping season,” institutionalized by charity fairs, 183

“Chronicles of Kidnapping,” 60

churches:

     in abolition movement, 85, 87, 117

     black, 46–47, 49, 65–66, 79, 141, 144, 159, 161, 173, 178, 227, 230

     as complicit in slavery, 80, 85, 92, 94, 130, 185, 219

     discrimination in, 59

Cincinnati, Ohio, 15, 105, 139

Circuit Court, U.S., 156

City Hall Park, black rally at, 128

City of Richmond
, 153, 165, 205–6, 225

Civil Rights Act (1866), 224–25

Civil War, 15, 70, 153

     black soldiers in, 123, 147, 227, 228

     draft riots, 59, 227

     opportunities for slave escapes during, 148, 221–24

     outbreak of, 155, 218, 221

     period after, 11, 15, 117, 172, 191, 224–30

     prelude to, 10, 16, 45, 63, 97, 132, 150, 161, 163, 171, 195, 211, 214, 215, 218–21, 229

     roots of, 26

Clare, Thomas J., 126–27

Clay, Henry, 97

     territorial expansion compromise of, 119–23

Cleveland, Ohio, 141, 212

Cleveland Vigilance Committee, 22

Clinton, George, 41

Clinton, Henry, 34–35

Cobb, Howell, 119

Cobb, Ira H., 179, 181

Cohen, Aaron, 212

Coleman, James, 191–92

colonization movement, 52–55, 58–59, 166

Colored American
, 7, 17, 46, 47, 58, 67, 69, 74, 75, 79, 86, 99

Colored Seaman’s Boarding House, 107, 128, 166

Columbia, Pa., 204, 208

Columbia College, 107

Combahee River, 225

commissioners, U.S, 126, 130, 131, 134, 136, 148, 149, 169, 213, 215, 218, 220

     establishment of post, 124–25

Committee of Thirteen, 128, 166–67

     charity fairs for, 183–84

Committee of Vigilance for the Protection of the People of Color, 10, 238

Common Council, N.Y.C., 40

Compromise of 1850, 121, 125, 129

     repeal of, 149

Confederacy, 219

Confederate Constitution (1861), 219

Congregational church, 3

Congress, U.S., 53, 120, 222, 225

     Fugitive Slave Bill in, 119–24, 130

     in legislation on fugitives, 109, 217

     in secession crisis, 220

     slavery debated in, 24

     tacit acceptance of slavery in, 51, 114

     territorial expansion debate in, 119–23

Connecticut:

     as destination for fugitives, 30

     fugitives originating in, 34

     gradual emancipation in, 36

Connoway, William, 191–92

Constitution, U.S., 39, 224

     Fifteenth Amendment to, 225, 227

     fugitive slave clause of, 37–38, 57, 98, 109, 117, 219, 221

     slavery and, 1, 26, 37–38, 92, 116, 120, 121, 170, 214, 217, 202

constitutional convention, 24, 37

consumer activism, 185

Continental Congress, 33

Cooper, Henry, 161

Cooper, Peter, 219

Cooper, Rose, 138–39

Cornish, Joseph (Daniel Johns), 202–3

Cornish, Samuel, 53, 55, 59

     in N.Y. Vigilance Committee, 63, 74

     rift between Ruggles and, 75–76

Corse, Barney, 58, 73, 94

Cotton, John, 92

cotton kingdom, 16

     New York City’s economic ties to, 8–9, 44–46, 78, 94, 129–30, 138

     slavery and, 50–51, 122

Council of Revision, N.Y. state, 40

Courier and Enquirer
, 59

Court for the Trial of Impeachments and the Correction of Errors, 71

Court of Appeals, N.Y. state, 142

Court of Special Sessions, N.Y.C., 52

Craft, William and Ellen, 147–48

Crafts, Hannah (Hannah Bond), 144

Craig, Joshua, 210

Crittenden, John J., 220

Crockett, Davy, 47

Cuba, 45

Culver, Erastus D., 139, 140, 141, 169, 211

Cummens, Mary, James, and Lucy, 207

Darg, John P., 73

Davis, John, 38–39

De Bow, J. D. B., 45

De Bow’s Review
, 45

“Declaration of the Immediate Causes” of Secession, 218–19

Delaware, 21, 92, 210

     decline of slavery in, 16, 156, 195

     fugitives originating in, 10, 16, 150, 160, 194–95, 198, 221

     secession issue in, 218

     underground railroad operations in, 154–56, 158–59,
201
, 202, 203

Democratic party, 52, 119, 125, 129, 142, 173, 189, 219

Depree, Nathaniel, 162

Detroit, Mich., 145

     underground railroad in, 137, 212

Devens, Charles, 148

Dickens, Charles, 47

Dixon, William (Jake), 2, 70–71, 74

dogs, fugitives hunted by, 84, 209

Dorchester County, Md., 191

Douglas, Stephen A., 121

Douglass, Frederick, 16, 144, 229

     in abolitionist movement, 19–20, 27, 92, 101, 227

     autobiographies and memoirs of, 5–6, 9, 182

     as fugitive, 1–6, 7, 16, 17, 18, 24, 27, 71, 72, 124, 202, 206

     fugitives aided by, 19–20, 27, 181–82

     on Lincoln, 221

     militancy of, 145

     in rift with S. H. Gay, 181–82

     on Tubman, 190–91

Dover, Del., 156

draft riots, N.Y.C. (1863), 228

drapetomania, 5

Dred Scott
decision, 39, 142, 163, 220

Dresser, Horace, 69–70, 72, 76, 114

Duane, James, 41

Duck Creek, Del., 198

Dundee, Scotland, Ladies’ Society of, 174

Dunkirk, N.Y., 139

Dunmore, Earl of, 32–33, 34

Dutch, slavery and, 28, 43

Easton, Md., 209

Edenton, N.C., 102, 196

Edinburgh, 186

Edmonds, John W., 112–15

Edmondson, Emily, 116–17

Edmondson, Mary, 116–17

Edward, Mark, 31

effective committee, 65

Eglin, Harriet, 207

elections:

     of 1844, 97

     of 1856, 181

     of 1860, 9, 218

Emancipation Proclamation, 33, 224, 226

     first, 33–34

Emancipator
, 56, 60, 62, 67, 76, 77, 81, 95

Emma (slave), 138–39

escapes:

     in boxes, 103–5, 113, 163

     daring and dramatic, 49, 102–5, 116–17, 167–68

     on foot, 3, 17, 31, 84, 135, 156, 161, 169, 194, 202, 204, 205, 207–9

     group, 23, 98, 116–17, 123, 134, 156, 164–65, 194, 200, 205–6

     by ship, 1, 17, 23, 31, 47, 49, 66, 73, 84, 99, 103, 105, 106, 112, 116, 131, 134, 148, 149, 152–54, 156, 158, 165, 190, 194, 200, 202, 205–6, 208, 209, 211, 221, 225

     by train, 1–2, 17, 103, 150, 156, 160, 173, 178, 194, 202, 206–8, 210

     
see also
specific fugitives

Estlin, John B., 187

Ethiopian Regiment, 33–34

Etobicoke, Canada, 200

evangelicism, 54, 55–56, 80, 85

Evansville, Ind., 214

Exodus of 1879, 227

extraterritoriality, 38–39

Falmouth, Mass., 86

families:

     effect of Fugitive Slave Law (1850) on, 135

     escapes motivated by ties to, 200–5

     failed reunion attempts in, 205

     fugitives’ attempts to reunite with, 5, 163, 167, 173, 190, 192, 200–2

     left behind by fugitives, 3, 152

     separated by slavery, 32, 103, 120, 138–39, 168, 190, 192–93, 198–99

Faneuil Hall, 105

Fauquier County, Va., 198

Fields, Lena, 212

Fifteenth Amendment, 225, 227

Fifty-Fourth Massachusetts Infantry, 147, 227

Fillmore, Millard, 116, 124, 126, 146

Finney, Charles Grandison, 56

First Colored (later Shiloh) Presbyterian Church, 53, 86

Fish, Hamilton, 219–20

Five Points neighborhood, 47, 49, 51, 53

Florida, 196

     fugitives originating in, 50

Forten, James, 101

Fortress Monroe, Va., 223

Fort Sumter, firing on, 221

Foster, Emily, 203–4

Fountain, Albert, 153–54, 165, 200, 202, 209, 225

France, 184

Franklin, John Hope, 14

Frederick County, Md., 114

Frederick Douglass’ Paper
, 22, 180

free blacks:

     in Baltimore, 16–17

     colonization rejected by, 53–54

     effect of Fugitive Slave Law (1850) on, 136

     elite, 48–49, 61

     equal rights sought for, 20

     fugitives aided by, 1, 13, 18–19, 43, 46, 47–49, 155, 158, 159, 160, 172, 190, 191, 193

     kidnapping of, 2, 42, 50–51, 60, 74, 90, 108, 125

     marriage between slaves and, 138–39, 165, 168, 190, 202

     in Maryland, 16–17, 133

     in New York City, 9, 43, 46–48, 166

     restrictions on, 40, 46–47, 76, 86, 177

     sold and held as slaves, 103, 156, 217, 221

     in South, 16

Freedmen’s Bureau, 224

freedom principle, 20, 38, 78, 111, 139–44

Freedom’s Journal
, 46, 49–51, 53, 61

Freeman, Amos N., 168

free papers, 2, 87, 127

Free Soil party, 145

free-soil sentiment, 116

free states:

     federal slavery law imposed on, 8, 18

free states (
continue
d
)

     slaves automatically considered free in, 20, 44, 64, 67, 78, 111, 115, 139–44, 212

     in territorial expansion debate, 119–20

Frémont, John C., 181

Freud, Sigmund, 82

Friend of Man
, 26

“friends of Belt,” 115

Fugitive Aid Society, 180, 193