Gateway to Freedom: The Hidden History of the Underground Railroad (42 page)

15.
Deborah J. Warner,
Graceanna Lewis: Scientist and Humanitarian
(Washington, D.C., 1979); Graceanna Lewis, “Underground Railroad Memoirs,” 1912, Lewis-Fussell Papers, FHL; Graceanna Lewis,
An Appeal to Those Members of the
Society of Friends Who, Knowing the Principles of the Abolitionists, Stand Aloof from the Anti-Slavery Enterprise
(N.p., n.d. [1840s]); David G. Smith,
On the Edge of Freedom:
The Fugitive Slave Issue in South Central Pennsylvania, 1820–1870
(New York, 2012), 6–9, 29–37; Still,
Underground Railroad
, 683; William Still to Elijah Pennypacker, November 24, 1855, PL; R. C. Smedley,
History of the Underground Railroad in Chester and the Neighboring Counties of Pennsylvania
(Lancaster, Pa., 1883), 206–9; William J. Switala,
Underground Railroad in Pennsylvania
(Mechanicsburg, Pa., 2001), 122–24, 174–77; Kashatus,
Just over the Line
, 59.

16.
Record of Fugitives, May 28, June 23, October 3, December 3, 5, 6, 1855, April 4, May 25, 1856.

17.
Record of Fugitives, November 10, 1855; Journal C, November 8, December 1, 3, 1855; Still,
Underground Railroad
, 24–26, 300–301, 339; Judith Bentley,
“Dear Friend”: Thomas Garrett and William Still, Collaborators on the Underground Railroad
(New York, 1997), 60–66.

18.
“Branches of the Underground Railroad”; Lewis, “Underground Railroad Memoirs”: Calarco,
Places of the Underground Railroad
, 311; William Still to James M. McKim, November 2, 1857, PL.

19.
Pennsylvania Freeman
, December 9, 1852; “Resolutions, Philadelphia, April 27, 1853,” manuscript, MC; Elizabeth Varon, “ ‘Beautiful Providences’: William Still, the Vigilance Committee, and Abolitionists in the Age of Sectionalism,” in Richard Newman and James Mueller, eds.,
Antislavery and Abolition in Philadelphia: Emancipation and the Long Struggle for Racial Justice in the City of Brotherly Love
(Baton Rouge, 2011), 230–32; Vigilance Committee of Philadelphia, Accounts, 1854–57, HSPa.

20.
Journal C, October 24, 1854;
Pennsylvania Freeman
in
PF
, July 8, 1854;
PF
, November 11, 1854; Robert B. Toplin, “Peter Still versus the Peculiar Institution,”
Civil War History
, 13 (December 1967), 340–49; Kate E. R. Pickard,
The Kidnapped and the Ransomed
(3rd ed.: Syracuse, 1856).

21.
PF
in
Anti-Slavery Reporter
(London), May 1, 1856, 103–4;
PF
, June 10, 1854, March 28, 1857.

22.
Still,
Underground Railroad
, 217–18; Stanley Campbell,
The Slave Catchers: Enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Law, 1850–1860
(Chapel Hill, 1968), 199–206;
Philadelphia Morning Times
, January 21, 1857.

23.
Still,
Underground Railroad
, 27–28, 583.

24.
Journal C, April 19, July 20, September 23, October 25, November 25, 1853; Vigilance Committee of Philadelphia Accounts, November 5, 6, 1855; Still,
Underground Railroad
, 129–30, 187–93.

25.
Sunshine and Shadow of Slave Life. Reminiscences as Told by Isaac D. Williams to “Tege”
(East Saginaw, Mich., 1885), 47.

26.
NYTrib
, April 19, 1852;
NYT
, May 12, 1853; Lewis Tappan to John Smith, March 3, 1857, Letterbooks, TP.

27.
Leslie M. Harris,
In the Shadow of Slavery: African Americans in New York City, 1626–1863
(Chicago, 2003), 238–39, 272; Craig Wilder,
In the Company of Black Men: The African Influence on African American Culture in New York City
(New York, 2001), 171;
FDP
, December 25, 1851; Judith Wellman,
Brooklyn’s Promised Land: The Free Black Community of Weeksville, New York
(New York, 2014).

28.
NAS
, December 18, 1851, January 22, December 16, 1852;
FDP
, February 5, April 29, 1852; Rhoda G. Freeman,
The Free Negro in New York City in the Era before the Civil War
(New York, 1994), 32.

29.
Circular Letter of the New York State Vigilance Committee, November 6, 1850, Miscellaneous Manuscripts, Library of Congress;
Letter from Mrs. H. B. Stowe to the Ladies’ New Anti-Slavery Society of Glasgow . . .
(Glasgow, 1853); Freeman,
Free Negro
, 65;
FDP
, May 20, 1852; Charles B. Ray to Gerrit Smith, April 29, 1856, SP;
NYH
, January 5, 1860; Still,
Underground Railroad
, 674–75; Lewis Tappan to Eliza Wighman, February 6, 1857, Tappan to “Dear Sir,” July 4, 1857, Letterbooks, TP.

30.
Harrold,
Subversives
, 203–20; Still,
Underground Railroad
, 150–51, 170–71, 181;
Anti-Slavery Reporter
, December 1, 1852, 182;
BAP
, 1: 328; Frank Decker,
Brooklyn’s Plymouth Church in the Civil War Era: A Ministry of Freedom
(Charleston, 2013), 44; Lewis Tappan Journal, November 30, December 3, 1855, TP; Tappan to E. L. Stevens, February 6, 1857, Tappan to Henry Richardson, February 6, 1857, Letterbooks, TP.

31.
FDP
,
January 22, 1852;
NYE
, January 8, March 29, 1855;
NS
, January 23, April 3, 1854;
Independent
in
American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Reporter
, May 1, 1851, 116; Lewis Tappan to J. Smith, March 3, 1857, Letterbooks, TP;
Rochester Anti-Slavery Bazaar
(Halifax, N.S., 1857).

32.
“Capture, Trial and Return of the Fugitives, Stephen Pembroke and His Two Sons, to Slavery,” manuscript, n.d., African-American Records Collection, Lancaster County Historical Society, Pa.; Still,
Underground Railroad
, 166–69; Journal C, May 24, 1854;
NYT
, May 27, 1854;
NAS
, June 3, 1854; Christopher Webber,
American to the Backbone: The Life of James W. C. Pennington, the Fugitive Slave Who Became One of the First Black Abolitionists
(New York, 2011), 344; Case of Stephen Pembroke, RG 21.

33.
NYTrib
, May 27, July 4, 18, 1854;
PF
, June 10, 1854; Still,
Underground Railroad
, 167–70.

34.
Annie H. Abel and Frank J. Klingberg,
A Side-Light on Anglo-American Relations, 1839–1858
(New York, 1927), 347–48, 358–60; MB, March 16, May 18, 1854; Oliver Johnson,
William Lloyd Garrison and His Times
(Boston, 1880), 296;
NAS
, April 21, 1855; Lewis Tappan Journal, July 19, 1855, TP; Prithi Kanakamedala, “In Pursuit of Freedom,” manuscript, Brooklyn Historical Society, 2012, 121.

35.
NYH
, January 5, 1860;
Sixth Annual Report of the Glasgow New Association for the Abolition of Slavery
(Glasgow, 1857), 6.

36.
Wendell Phillips to Sydney Howard Gay, September 6, 1852, Henry I. Bowditch to Gay, November 12, 1850, William Jay to Gay, September, n.d., 1854, GP;
NAS
, August 4, November 4, 1854.

37.
Sydney Howard Gay to Elizabeth Gay, June 2, 1854, GP.

38.
Henry Wilson,
History of the Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America
(3 vols.; Boston, 1874), 2: 51–52; Still,
Underground Railroad
, 119–20; Anti-Slavery Standard Account Book, February 3, September 14, December 30, 1854, March 24, August, November, December 1855, Sydney Howard Gay Papers, NYPL. Record of Fugitives at the end of 1855 lists twenty-three payments to Napoleon over two years. Gay’s name does not appear in the index of many books on the underground railroad.

39.
Record of Fugitives, July 24, August 10, 14, 1855.

40.
Record of Fugitives, September 5, October 13, 1855, July 9, 1856; Note on Elizabeth Anderson, undated, GP.

41.
James McCune Smith to Gerrit Smith, October 6, 1855, SP; Record of Fugitives, February 9, 20, 1855; Account Current 1855–1856, GP; Elizabeth Neall Gay to Mrs. H. G. Chapman, June 11, 1857, Francis Jackson to Sydney Howard Gay, July 9, 1855, May 1, 1856, GP.

42.
Abigail H. Gibbons to Rowland Johnson, April n.d., 1856, GP; William H. Leonard to Johnson, July 23, 1856; Louis Napoleon, receipt, June 2, 1856, GP; Record of Fugitives, January 25, 1856.

43.
NAS
, May 17, 1856; Sydney Howard Gay to Weston, February 6, 1853, Weston to Gay, May 18, 1853, Edmund Quincy to Gay, May 23, 1853, GP.

44.
Still,
Underground Railroad
, 27–28; William H. Leonard to William Still, November 24, 1856, ANHS.

45.
Henry Wilson,
Trow’s New York City Directory for the Year Ending May 1, 1856
(New York, 1855), 320; Still,
Underground Railroad
, 27–28; Jacob R. Gibbs to Timothy R. Hudson, October 18, 1857, Anti-Slavery Collection, Oberlin College; Sydney Howard Gay to James Miller McKim, September 11, 1858, MAC; Marriage Record, Louis Napoleon and Elizabeth Seaman, December 4, 1855, Municipal Archives, New York City; Henry Wilson,
Trow’s New York City Directory for the Year Ending May 1, 1860
(New York, 1859), 629; Manuscript U.S. Census, 1860, accessed via AncestryLibrary.com.

46.
Agents of the U. G. R. R., n.d., March 1856?, Record of Fugitives;
NYT
, March 30, 1857.

47.
Calarco,
Places of the Underground Railroad
, 8–10; Marcy S. Sacks, “ ‘We Rise or Fall Together’: Separatism and the Demand for Equality by Albany’s Black Citizens, 1827–1860,”
Afro-Americans in New York Life and History,
20 (July 1996), 7–34; Stephen Myers to Gerrit Smith, March 22, 1856, SP; Manuscript U.S. Census, 1860.

48.
Stephen Myers to Francis Jackson, May n.d., 1858, AC; Stephen Myers, broadside, January 1, 1860, JJH;
Journal of Commerce
in
Charleston Mercury
, February 15, 1858;
PF
, July 19, 1856.

49.
Northern Star and Freeman’s Advocate
(Albany), December 8, 1842; Stephen Myers,
Circular to the Friends of Freedom
(Albany, 1858);
NYT
, February 2, 1860; Stephen Myers to John Jay II, December 17, 1858, JFP; Myers to John Jay II, January 2, December 17, 1860, JJH;
Weekly Anglo-African
, November 5, 1859; Stephen Myers, broadside, January 1, 1860.

50.
Weekly Anglo-African
, May 5, November 24, 1860; Manuscript U.S. Census, 1860; Carol M. Hunter,
To Set the Captives Free: Reverend Jermain Wesley Loguen and the Struggle for Freedom in Central New York, 1835–1872
(New York, 1993), 18, 31–43, 60;
The Rev. J. W. Loguen, as a Slave and as a Freeman: A Narrative of Real Life
(Syracuse, 1859), ii–vi, 444, 451–55; Samuel J. May,
Some Recollections of Our Antislavery Conflict
(Boston, 1869), 290–92;
Elevator
(San Francisco), October 5, 1872.

51.
Hunter,
To Set the Captives Free
, 153–67;
FDP
, April 6, 1855, January 21, 1856;
PF
, February 2, 1856; Angela Murphy, “ ‘It Outlaws Me, and I Outlaw It!’ Resistance to the Fugitive Slave Law in Syracuse, New York,”
Afro-Americans in New York Life and History,
28 (January 2004), 43–72;
Syracuse Daily Standard
, November 25, 1854;
NAS
, October 3, 1857;
Douglass’ Monthly
, March 1857.

52.
Liberator
, March 17, May 5, 1854; Reinhard O. Johnson,
The Liberty Party, 1840–1848: Antislavery Third-Party Politics in the United States
(Baton Rouge, 2009), 357; Clara M. DeBoer,
Be Jubilant My Feet: African American Abolitionists in the American Missionary Association, 1839–1861
(New York, 1994), 16; Donald Yacovone,
Samuel Joseph May and the Dilemmas of the Liberal Persuasion, 1797–1871
(Philadelphia, 1991), 132, 140–41, 159–62;
Circular of the New-York State Vigilance Committee
[ca. 1850], NYHS; Ira H. Cobb to Lewis Tappan, October 27, 1856, AMA.

53.
Frederick Douglass to Sydney Howard Gay, January 8, 1848, GP; John Blassingame and John R. McKivigan, eds.,
The Frederick Douglass Papers
(New Haven, 1979–), ser. 3, 1: 226–27, 555;
NAS
, August 12, 1847, September 3, 24, December 24, 1853.

54.
FDP
, December 9, 1853, December 29, 1854, October 14, 1859;
NAS
, December 23, 1854, January 13, 1855, April 14, 1860;
BAP
, 4: 180, 259; Thomas Henning to Sydney Howard Gay, April 11, 1855, GP; Frederick Douglass to Wilbur H. Siebert, March 27, 1893, SC;
Life and Times of Frederick Douglass Written by Himself
(rev. ed.: Boston, 1892), 271–72.

55.
Alice Taylor, “Selling Abolitionism: The Commercial, Material, and Social World of the Boston Antislavery Fair, 1834–1858” (Ph.D. diss., University of Western Ontario, 2008), 12, 31–35, 240; Beth A. Salerno,
Sister Societies: Women’s Antislavery Societies in Antebellum America
(DeKalb, Ill., 2005), 121-32;
NAS
, January 26, 1843.