Gateway to Freedom: The Hidden History of the Underground Railroad (43 page)

56.
NAS
, August 18, 1842;
Liberator
, February 7, 1851; Salerno,
Sister Societies
, 117–18; Carol Faulkner,
Lucretia Mott’s Heresy: Abolition and Women’s Rights in Nineteenth-Century America
(Philadelphia, 2011), 169.

57.
Lee Chambers-Schiller, “ ‘A Good Work among the People’: The Political Culture of the Boston Antislavery Fair,” in Jean Fagan Yellin and John C. Van Horne, eds.,
The Abolitionist Sisterhood: Women’s Political Culture in Antebellum America
(Ithaca, 1994), 250–51;
NAS
, January 31, 1857; Taylor, “Selling Abolitionism,” 42–43; Horace Scudder, ed.,
The Complete Poetical Works of James Russell Lowell
(Boston, 1924), 111.

58.
Salerno,
Sister Societies
, 108–12, 130–33; Taylor, “Selling Abolitionism,” 55–60, 88–89, 170;
NAS
, January 24, 1850, December 17, 1853; Chambers-Schiller, “ ‘Good Work,’ ” 251–53, 267–68; Sarah H. Southwick,
Reminiscences of the Early Anti-Slavery Days
(Cambridge, Mass., 1893), 36.

59.
Jean Soderlund, “Priorities and Power: The Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society,” in Yellin and Van Horne, eds.,
Abolitionist Sisterhood
, 68, 81–85; Lawrence B. Glickman, “ ‘Buy for the Sake of the Slave’: Abolitionism and the Origins of American Consumer Activism,”
American Quarterly
, 56 (December 2004), 889–912; Anna D. Hallowell,
James and Lucretia Mott: Life and Letters
(Boston, 1884), 127; Julie Roy Jeffrey,
The Great Silent Army of Abolitionism: Ordinary Women in the Antislavery Movement
(Chapel Hill, 1998), 108–22; Sydney Howard Gay to Richard D. Webb, June 17, 1849 (copy), AC.

60.
Webber,
American to the Backbone
, 180; Andrew Paton to Sydney Howard Gay, January 30, March 21, 1851, GP; Richard D. Webb to Anne Warren Weston, November 1, 1850, Paton to Weston, November 15, 1850, AC.

61.
Clare Taylor, ed.,
British and American Abolitionists: An Episode in Transatlantic Understanding
(Edinburgh, 1974), 342–47, 396–97;
Friend of the Fugitive, and Anti-Slavery Record
(Glasgow), April 1, 1853;
NYTrib
, December 25, 1851;
Report of the Edinburgh Ladies’ New Anti-Slavery Association for the Years 1856 and 1857
(Edinburgh, 1858); Glasgow New Association for the Abolition of Slavery,
Anti-Slavery Bazaar
, broadside, Glasgow, 1855; Still,
Underground Railroad
, 675; R. J. M. Blackett,
Building an Antislavery Wall: Black Americans in the Atlantic Abolitionist Movement, 1830–1860
(Baton Rouge, 1983), 132;
NAS
, October 8, 1853; Andrew Paton to Maria Weston Chapman, November 20, 1857, AC; Paton to Sydney Howard Gay, January 30, February 14, 1851, GP; Webber,
American to the Backbone
, 342; DeBoer,
Be Jubilant My Feet
,
93; Calarco,
Places of the Underground Railroad
, 217.

62.
FDP
, December 11, 1851;
NAS
, October 22, 1840, February 24, 1842.

63.
John B. Estlin,
Reply to a Circular Issued by the Glasgow Association for the Abolition of Slavery
(Paris, n.d.), 2–6;
Liberator
, May 22, 1857;
Weekly Anglo-African
, October 15, 1859.

64.
Elizabeth Gay to Caroline Weston, December 15, 1847, Gay to Mrs. H. G. Chapman [Maria Weston Chapman], June 11, July 25, October 31, December 16, 1857, Chapman to Gay, June 15, 1857, Gay to Sarah Pugh, July 2, 1857, GP;
NYT
, December 9, 10, 1857.

65.
Taylor, “Selling Abolitionism,” 267–73; Taylor,
British and American Abolitionists
, 431; Chambers-Schiller, “ ‘Good Work,’ ” 271–73;
NAS
, June 28, 1858;
Report of the Twenty-Fourth National Anti-Slavery Festival
(Boston, 1858), 19–21.

7. The Record of Fugitives

1.
Kate C. Larson,
Bound for the Promised Land: Harriet Tubman, Portrait of an American Hero
(New York, 2004), xvi–xviii, 83–93, 105–37; Kate C. Larson, “Racing for Freedom: Harriet Tubman’s Underground Railroad Network through New York,”
Afro-Americans in New York Life and History
, 36 (January 2012), 7–33; Milton C. Sernett,
Harriet Tubman: Myth, Memory, and History
(Durham, 2007), 321–33; Catherine Clinton, “ ‘Slavery Is War’: Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad,” in David W. Blight, ed.,
Passages to Freedom: The Underground Railroad in History and Memory
(Washington, D.C., 2004), 195–96.

2.
Larson, “Racing for Freedom,” 9–10; Lewis Tappan to Anthony Lane, November 16, 1855, Letterbooks, TP; Alan Singer, “We May Never Know the Real Harriet Tubman,”
Afro-Americans in New York Life and History
, 36 (January 2012), 70–71; Larson,
Bound for the Promised Land
, 105–7, 137.

3.
William Still,
The Underground Railroad
(rev. ed.: Philadelphia, 1878), 295; Lewis Tappan to Anthony Lane, November 16, 1855, Letterbooks, TP; Nicholas M. Young et al., “Even Superheroes Need a Network: Harriet Tubman and the Rise of Insurgency in the New York State Underground Railroad,”
Du Bois Review
, 6 (2009), 397–429; James A. McGowan,
Station Master on the Underground Railroad: The Life and Letters of Thomas Garrett
(rev. ed.: Jefferson, N.C., 2005), 98, 167–87.

4.
Record of Fugitives, May 14, 1856, GP; Still,
Underground Railroad
, 295–95; Dorchester (Md.)
American Eagle
, May 14, 1856; Journal C of Station No. 2, HSPa; Canada Census, 1861, accessed via AncestryLibrary.com.

5.
Larson,
Bound for the Promised Land
, 133–36; Larson, “Racing for Freedom,” 17–21; Statement by William Bailey, November 26, 1856, Note on Eliza Manokey, November 27, 1856, GP; Journal C, November 26, 1856; Still,
Underground Railroad
, 272–74; Thomas Garrett to Joseph Dugdale, November 29, 1856, Joseph A. and Ruth Dugdale Correspondence, FHL; Sernett,
Harriet Tubman
, 55.

6.
John Brown, who met Harriet Tubman in Canada in 1858, referred to her as “General Tubman.” Sernett,
Harriet Tubman
, 77.

7.
Patience Essah,
A House Divided: Slavery and Emancipation in Delaware, 1638–1865
(Charlottesville, 1996), 80; Elwood L. Bridner Jr., “The Fugitive Slaves of Maryland,”
Maryland Historical Magazine
, 66 (March 1971), 36–39; John Hope Franklin and Loren Schweninger,
Runaway Slaves: Rebels on the Plantation
(New York, 1999), 210.

8.
Still,
Underground Railroad
, 162.

9.
Record of Fugitives, February 9, December 5, 21, 26, 1855, January 4, June 4, 5, November 10, 1856; Note on Albert McCealee and John Edward Dayton, December 30, 1856, GP; William S. Powell, ed.,
Dictionary of North Carolina Biography
(6 vols.; Chapel Hill, 1979–96), 1: 210; Manuscript U.S. Census, 1850, 1860, accessed via AncestryLibrary.com; Midori Takagi,
“Reading Wolves to Our Own Destruction”: Slavery in Richmond, Virginia, 1782–1865
(Charlottesville, 1999), 73; Templeman and Goodwin Account Book, 1849–1851, Special Collections, University of Virginia Library.

10.
NAS
, October 8, 1853; Record of Fugitives, October 13, 26, 1855, April 4, 30, July 9, December 30, 1856; Still,
Underground Railroad
, 335–36, 380–81; Journal C, April 10, 1856.

11.
Record of Fugitives, June 24, 1856; Still,
Underground Railroad
, 293; Journal C, June 23, August 31, September 7, November 15, 1855, January 3, 1856.

12.
Record of Fugitives, October 26, 1855, April 18, July 11, 1856; Statement of James Morris, undated, GP; Still,
Underground Railroad
, 119–20, 314–15.

13.
Record of Fugitives, October 26, December 21, 1855, July 23, 1856; Journal C, November 29, 1855.

14.
Record of Fugitives, January 4, April 9, 1856; Still,
Underground Railroad
, 114–15;
Baltimore Sun
, November 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, December 1, 1855, March 26, 27, 1856.

15.
Record of Fugitives, August 17, December 5, 1855, June 5, 1856.

16.
Record of Fugitives, January 17, July 22, 23, 28, September 17, November 10, 1856; Journal C, December 20, 1855, January 3, 1856.

17.
Note on Elizabeth Harris, December 8, 1856, GP; Record of Fugitives, August 31, 1855, April 2, 1856; Still,
Underground Railroad
, 285–87, 325–26, 516; Muster Roll of USS
Saranac
, March, May, June, July 1856, Muster Rolls and Payrolls for U.S. Navy Vessels 1798–1860, Miscellaneous Records of the Office of Naval Records and Library, Record Group 45, Entry 68, National Archives.

18.
Record of Fugitives, December 26, 1855, March 17, 25, 27, 1856; Canada Census, 1861.

19.
Record of Fugitives, November 17, 1855, April 11, September 17, 1856.

20.
Record of Fugitives, April 7, September 7, 1856; Still,
Underground Railroad
, 319–22.

21.
Record of Fugitives, January 18, August 19, 1856; Still,
Underground Railroad
, 117–22; Journal C, January 16, 1856.

22.
NYTrib
, May 14, 1858; Record of Fugitives, May 16, June 4, 1856; Still,
Underground Railroad
, 163–65, 316, 382–83.

23.
Stanley Harrold,
Border War: Fighting over Slavery before the Civil War
(Chapel Hill, 2010), 177; Richard Blackett,
Making Freedom: The Underground Railroad and the Politics of Slavery
(Chapel Hill, 2013), 77; Record of Fugitives, October 3, November 10, 1855;
BS
, July 20, 1858.

24.
Record of Fugitives, March 17, 20, 27, April 2, 1856; Note on Albert McCealee and John Edward Dayton, December 30, 1856, GP.

25.
Record of Fugitives, September 1, 1855, March 27, May 15, 26, 1856; Still,
Underground Railroad
, 214, 222;
BS
, May 22, 24, 28, 29, 1856.

26.
Record of Fugitives, April 3, May 28, December 5, 1855, January 4, June 5, 1856;
PF
in
Anti-Slavery Reporter
(London), May 1, 1856, 103–4; Still,
Underground Railroad
, 114–15, 219; Journal C, January 2, 1856; Canada Census, 1861.

27.
Record of Fugitives, August 30, September 5, 7, December 21, 1855, September 17, 1856.

28.
Record of Fugitives, October 8, 1855; Still,
Underground Railroad
, 293–94; Journal C, October 7, 1855.

29.
Record of Fugitives, June 25, December 21, 1855, May 16, 1856; Journal C, June 23, December 30, 1855; Still,
Underground Railroad
, 122.

30.
Record of Fugitives, August 17, 1855, January 4, 28, 1856; Journal C, August 17, 1855, January 29, 1856.

31.
NAS
, March 6, 1858;
NYH
, January 5, 1860; New Account with William H. Leonard, 1859, Record of Fugitives. The Anti-Slavery Standard Account Book in the Gay Papers at the New York Public Library records numerous small payments to Louis Napoleon between 1857 and 1861.

32.
Lewis Tappan to John Smith, March 3, 1857, Letterbooks, TP;
NYH
, January 5, 1860;
NYT
, December 3, 4, 1857;
NAS
, December 12, 1857;
Savannah Georgian
in
Charleston Mercury
, December 9, 1857;
BE
, December 2, 1857.

33.
NYH
, April 1, 1860; Oliver Johnson to James Miller McKim, May 2, 1860, MAC; William H. Leonard to William Still, February 6, 1858, October 5, 1860, ANHS; Still,
Underground Railroad
, 555.

34.
NYH
, October 21, 1860;
Liberator
, August 27, 1858;
NYT
, March 25, 26, 1858.

35.
James Miller McKim to Maria Weston Chapman, November 19, 1857, AC; Fergus M. Bordewich,
Bound for Canaan: The Epic Story of the Underground Railroad, America’s First Civil Rights Movement
(New York, 2005), 408–11;
Liberator
, May 28, 1858; Stephen Myers to John Jay II, January 2, 1860, JJH.

36.
Case of Josiah Hoy and Allen Graff, RG 21;
BS
, May 3, 1860.

37.
William H. Leonard to James Miller McKim, May 3, 1860; Oliver Johnson to McKim, May 2, 1860, MAC;
NAS
, May 5, 1860;
Liberator
, June 29, 1860.

38.
NYTrib
, December 4, 7, 1860, March 5, 1861;
NAS
, December 1, 1860;
Richmond Dispatch
, November 29, 1860.

39.
Richmond Whig
, May 26, 1857;
Alexandria Gazette
, December 18, 1857.

8. The End of the Underground Railroad

1.
Charles Ballance to Lyman Trumbull, May 7, 1860, Lyman Trumbull Papers, Library of Congress; Stanley W. Campbell,
The Slave Catchers: Enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Law, 1850–1860
(Chapel Hill, 1968), 86–87, 171–85; Vroman Mason, “The Fugitive Slave Law in Wisconsin, with Reference to Nullification Sentiment,”
Proceedings of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin
, 43 (1895), 117–44; Eric Foner,
Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War
(New York, 1970), 76–84, 135;
NYT
, March 9, 1857; George H. Porter,
Ohio Politics during the Civil War Period
(New York, 1911), 20–22.