Gateway to Freedom: The Hidden History of the Underground Railroad (47 page)

Levi (slave), 120

Lewey, Henry (Bluebeard), 152

Lewey, Rebecca, 152

Lewis, David, 158

Lewis, Graceanna, 159–62

Lewis, Laura, 199

Liberator
, 56, 62, 74, 82, 92, 95, 134, 138, 149, 181, 182, 223

Liberia, 53

Liberty Line, The
(Gara), 13–14

Liberty party, 81, 85, 86, 88, 89, 92, 96, 97, 100, 114, 146, 181

Lincoln, Abraham, 47

     election of, 9, 218, 221

     Emancipation Proclamation of, 224

     inauguration of, 26, 221

     presidency of, 24, 142, 222, 228

     on slavery, 26, 217–18, 221–22

Linton, Mahlon B., 161, 162

Little York, Pa., 161, 207

Lockley (free black), 60–61

Loguen, Jermain W., 14, 105, 138, 146, 165, 179–82

     autobiography of, 180

     during and after Civil War, 227

London, 50, 93

Long, Henry, 130–32, 137

Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 144

Longwood Meeting House, 161

Loring, Edward G., 149–50

Loudoun County, Va., 204

Louisiana, 45, 56, 198

     fugitives originating in, 135

     slavery permitted in, 149

Louisiana Purchase, 149, 216

Louisville, Ky., 142, 214

Lovejoy, Owen, 223

Lowell, James Russell, 184

Lower South, 120, 121, 198, 220

     secession issue in, 218

     
see also
cotton kingdom

Lyons, Albro and Mary, 166

Madison, James, biography of, 229

Magdalen Society, 55

Manhattan, 7, 34, 164

     underground railroad site map for,
xiv

Manhattan Anti-Slavery Society (black women’s group), 94

Manhattan Anti-Slavery Society (Garrisonian organization), 99

Manokey, Eliza, 192–93

Mansfield, Lord, 37–38

Mansion House Hotel, 79

manumission, 127, 133

     broken promises of, 199, 200

     laws regulating, 40

Manumission Society, New York, 40–44, 48–50, 54, 56, 58, 64, 69, 74, 78

maritime underground railroad,
see
ships, fugitive escapes on

Martin, Peter, 61–62

Martinsburg, Va., 207

Maryland, 21, 28, 87, 116, 123, 126, 127, 128, 136, 140, 146, 204, 228

     decline of slavery in, 122, 133

     as destination for fugitives, 30

     dispute between Pennsylvania and, 108–10

     free blacks in, 16–17

     fugitives originating in, 1–2, 3, 7, 10, 16–19, 25, 69, 70, 71–73, 84, 99, 108, 114–15, 122, 131, 132, 138, 150, 156, 158, 159, 160, 161, 169, 190, 191–92, 194–95, 199, 200–3, 200, 206–10, 213, 221

     secession issue in, 218

     underground railroad operations in, 155, 159, 200

Maryland State Penitentiary, 88

Mason, James M., 119–21, 125–26

Massachusetts, 73, 109, 121, 154

     abolitionist activities in, 13, 18, 96, 106, 111, 177

     charity fairs in, 183

     in colonial period, 92

     as destination for fugitives, 37

     slavery abolished in, 36

Mather, Increase and Cotton, 92

Matlack, Lucius C., 181

Matthews, Peter, 208–9

May, Samuel J. (Syracuse), 97, 146–47, 181

May, Samuel, Jr. (Boston), 19

McCealee, Albert, 206

McCourt, Ann, 198

McHenry, Jerry, 146–47, 179

McKim, James Miller, 23, 26, 102, 103–5, 162, 176, 186, 197, 210, 211, 212, 213, 218, 222, 224

     after Civil War, 226

McNamee, Theodore, 129–30

McPherson, John, 71–72

Medford, Mass., 95

Medford, N.J., 151

Melville, Herman, 147

Mendenhall, Isaac, 159

Methodists, 88, 103

     manumission encouraged by, 32

metropolitan corridor, 151–89

     friction between Philadelphia and N.Y. in, 175–76

metropolitan corridor (
continue
d
)

     key agents in, 177–78

     major sites of,
157

Metscher, Henry, 71, 75

Mexican-American War (1846–1848), 116, 120

Mexico, as safe haven for fugitives, 16, 25

Michigan, 137, 145, 212

     personal liberty laws in, 216

Mickle, Andrew H., 113

Middle Passage, 104

Middletown, Del., 202

Middletown, Md., 161

Mifflin, Thomas, 38–39

military:

     black Civil War regiments in, 123

     freedom for slaves through, 33

Minkins, Shadrach, 148

Mirror of Liberty
, 7, 67–68, 71, 76

Mississippi, 142, 148

Mississippi Valley, 223

Missouri, 122, 192

     fugitives originating in, 16

     secession issue in, 218, 220

Missouri Compromise (1820), 216

Mobile, Ala., 45, 138

     as destination for fugitives, 16

Moby Dick
(schooner), 147

Montreal, 148, 178

Moore, Noadiah, 88

Moore, Sarah, 172–73

moral reform, vs., 55

“moral suasion,” militant resistance vs., 75, 124, 145, 146

Morel, Junius C., 57, 166

Morgan, Edwin D., 178, 220, 227

Morgan, Margaret, 108–9

Mormons, 178

Morris, Gouverneur, 39–40

Morris, James, 198, 205

Morris, Robert H., 79

Morton, George W., 133–34, 169

Mott, James, 143

Mott, Lucretia, 143, 190–91

Mt. Pleasant, Md., 207

Mühlenberg, Henry, 35

Mullin, Joseph, 214

Munson, Alexander, 210

Murray, Anna, 1, 3, 18

Myers, Harriet, 178

Myers, Stephen, 79–80, 177–79, 182, 212–13, 221

     during and after Civil War, 227

Myers, William John Jay, 178

Nalle, Charles, 190

Napoleon, Louis:

     after Civil War, 230

     death and funeral of, 99

     marriage of, 176, 212, 253

     paucity of information on, 98–99, 230

     as underground railroad agent, 98–99, 107, 112, 128, 139, 140–41, 164, 172–76, 212, 230, 267

Nash, Daniel D., 52, 70–72

Nashville, Tenn., 105

Nat (fugitive), 71–72

Nation
, 226

National Anti-Slavery Bazaar, 183–84

National Anti-Slavery Standard
, 9–10, 22, 27, 58, 80, 81, 90, 93, 94–97, 100, 103, 104, 107, 114, 123, 127, 130, 131, 132–33, 159, 171, 174–75, 182, 183, 185, 187, 210, 213, 222, 228

     as underground railroad site, 98, 104, 113, 162, 164, 175, 211

National Anti-Slavery Subscription Festival, 189

National Park Service, 15

“National Underground Railroad,” 223

National Underground Railroad Freedom Center, 15

Native Americans, Purvis as advocate for, 226

Neall, Daniel, 92

Neall, Elizabeth,
see
Gay, Elizabeth Neall

Nell, William C., 105, 143, 147

Nelson, Samuel, 39

New Amsterdam, 28, 30

Newark, N.J., 169

New Bedford, Mass., 145

     as destination for fugitives, 4, 82, 104, 130, 167, 174, 177, 202, 205

New Bern, N.C., 106

New Castle, Del., 192, 195

New England:

     AASS centered in, 81

     abolitionist movement in, 8, 184

     evolving safety for fugitives in, 111

     Fugitive Slave Law (1850) in, 148–50

     last rendition in, 150

     personal liberty laws in, 216

     underground railroad operations in, 3, 7–8, 48, 50, 72, 164, 172, 177

New-England Anti-Slavery Society, 54

New Hampshire, slavery abolished in, 36

New Haven, Conn., 88, 172–73, 177

New Jersey, 58, 62, 72, 89, 106, 132, 164, 173, 217, 230

     fugitives originating in, 31, 34, 168

     slavery abolished in, 44

New Netherland, 28, 30

New Orleans, La., 45, 73, 140

     as destination for fugitives, 16

Newport, R.I., 120

newspapers:

     abolitionist, 6, 14, 66, 67–68, 70, 72, 77, 97, 116, 164, 177, 180, 224

     black, 46, 99, 144, 163, 178, 180

     first woman editor of, 137

     fugitive-slave notices in, 23, 31–32, 42, 43, 45, 68, 199, 207

     proslavery, 6–7, 132, 137, 152, 159, 180, 215, 218

     Republican, 178

     underground railroad accomplishments reported in, 22

     
see also
specific publications

Newtown, Pa., 162

New York, N.Y.:

     abolitionist sentiment in, 40–44, 55, 214

     after abolition of slavery, 46–62

     during American Revolution, 32–36

     black institutions in, 46–48

     charity fairs in, 183–84, 186–88

     after Civil War, 227

     during colonial period, 28–32

     as dangerous for fugitives, 3, 71, 130, 135, 138, 168–70, 212, 213–15

     decline in black population of, 136

     as destination for fugitives, 3, 18, 23, 30, 31, 34, 43, 48, 73, 102–8, 126, 131, 158, 214

     draft riots in, 228

     economic and political ties between South and, 8–9, 44–46, 78, 94, 129–30, 138, 172, 213–14, 219–20, 228

     end of underground railroad in, 224

     after founding of new republic, 39–44

     free black population of, 43, 46–48

     Fugitive Slave Act (1850) enforced in, 126–37, 150

     fugitives originating in, 30, 31, 36

     group escapes through, 206

     immigration to, 8

     manumission in, 40–44

     in metropolitan corridor, 151, 153–54, 158, 160, 162, 164–65, 172–78, 182

     number of fugitives in, 10

     personal liberty laws in, 217, 219

     proslavery sentiment in, 8–9, 65, 96–97, 112, 174, 213, 219

     slave population in, 28–30, 42–44

     slaves as legally free in, 18

     Southern tourism in, 45–46

     underground railroad site maps for,
xiv
,
xv

New York Anti-Slavery Society, 174–75

New York Association of Friends for the Relief of Those Held in Slavery and the Improvement of the Free People of Color, 94

“New-York Characters,” 230

New York City Anti-Slavery Society, 54, 55, 58, 60, 99

New York Colored Female Vigilance Commmittee, 83

New-York Commercial Advertiser
, 70

New York Committee of Vigilance, 10, 238

New York Evangelist
, 107

New York Evening Post
, 72, 228

New York Gazette
, 31

New York Herald
, 6, 167, 211, 212, 218, 223

New York Presbytery, 186

New York state, 92, 142

     black flight from, 134–36

     evolving safety for fugitives in, 111, 124

     freedom principle established in, 140

     legal obstacles to rendition in, 51–52

     population of, 42–43

     slavery abolished in, 8–9, 40, 43, 44, 46, 136

New York state, upstate:

     abolitionist movement in, 8, 62, 77, 79, 123, 134, 146, 180, 184

     as destination for fugitives, 30, 48, 160

     fugitives originating in, 31, 34, 63

     underground railroad operations in, 3, 7–8, 18, 72, 82, 88, 159, 164, 172, 177, 212

New York State Anti-Slavery Society, 77, 116

New York State Vigilance Committee, 88–90, 100–101, 115, 117, 124, 128, 130, 131, 138–39, 141, 143–44, 165, 167–68, 181, 211, 230, 238, 262

     cooperation between S. H. Gay and, 176

     failures and decline of, 169–71

     funding challenges for, 167, 168–69, 171, 186–87

     S. H. Gay’s rivalry with, 185–88

New York Sun
, 99

New York Tabernacle, 117

New York Times
, 6, 25, 69, 111, 112, 134, 141, 165, 177, 217

New York Tribune
, 107, 110–12, 114, 126, 137, 143, 151, 165, 169, 210, 214, 221, 228, 230

New York Vigilance Committee, 2, 7, 9–10, 18, 19, 20, 99, 106, 111, 114

     accomplishments of, 66–67, 70, 77–78

     clandestine nature of, 9, 72, 77, 79, 83

     court cases of, 69–72, 108

     end of, 63

     founding of, 62, 63–64

     funding challenges of, 9, 10, 76, 77, 83, 89

     fundraising for, 65–66, 85

     internal conflict in, 75–77, 80, 165

     origins of underground railroad in, 63–90

     reorganized as New York State Vigilance Committee, 88

     wide-reaching influence of, 79–80, 83

Niagara Falls, N.Y., 88

Niagara Falls Suspension Bridge, 168, 181–82, 193

Nicaragua, 142, 144

“non-resistance” philosophy, 74–75, 92–93

Norfolk, Va., 106, 140, 198, 199

     underground railroad operations in, 152–54, 165, 202, 205

Northampton, Mass., 55, 77

North Carolina, 6, 57, 103, 142, 147, 196

     fugitives originating in, 34, 69, 102–3, 106, 144, 146, 172, 195, 198

North Chester, Pa., 161

Northern Star
, 79

North Star
, 182

North Star Association of Ladies, 183–84

Northup, Solomon, 2

Northwest Ordinance (1787), 37

Norwich, Conn., 21

Nova Scotia, 36

Oberlin, Ohio, 149

O’Conor, Charles, 142

Ohio, 21, 81, 92, 118

     personal liberty laws in, 216–17

     Western Reserve of, 130

Ohio River, 37, 215

Ohio State University, 12

Olmsted, Frederick Law, 5

Orange, N.J., 174

Otis, James, 92

Pacific Hotel, 130

Page, Thomas, 153–54

Paine, Elijah, Jr., 140–42

Panic of 1857, 188, 212

panoramas, 104–5

Paris, 184

Parker, Theodore, 105

Parker, William, 146, 160

Parker, William W., 130–31