Read Gateway to Freedom: The Hidden History of the Underground Railroad Online
Authors: Eric Foner
Tags: #United States, #Slavery, #Social Science, #19th Century, #History
Levi (slave), 120
Lewey, Henry (Bluebeard), 152
Lewey, Rebecca, 152
Lewis, David, 158
Lewis, Graceanna, 159–62
Lewis, Laura, 199
Liberator
, 56, 62, 74, 82, 92, 95, 134, 138, 149, 181, 182, 223
Liberia, 53
Liberty Line, The
(Gara), 13–14
Liberty party, 81, 85, 86, 88, 89, 92, 96, 97, 100, 114, 146, 181
Lincoln, Abraham, 47
election of, 9, 218, 221
Emancipation Proclamation of, 224
inauguration of, 26, 221
presidency of, 24, 142, 222, 228
on slavery, 26, 217–18, 221–22
Linton, Mahlon B., 161, 162
Little York, Pa., 161, 207
Lockley (free black), 60–61
Loguen, Jermain W., 14, 105, 138, 146, 165, 179–82
autobiography of, 180
during and after Civil War, 227
London, 50, 93
Long, Henry, 130–32, 137
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 144
Longwood Meeting House, 161
Loring, Edward G., 149–50
Loudoun County, Va., 204
Louisiana, 45, 56, 198
fugitives originating in, 135
slavery permitted in, 149
Louisiana Purchase, 149, 216
Louisville, Ky., 142, 214
Lovejoy, Owen, 223
Lowell, James Russell, 184
Lower South, 120, 121, 198, 220
secession issue in, 218
see also
cotton kingdom
Lyons, Albro and Mary, 166
Madison, James, biography of, 229
Magdalen Society, 55
Manhattan, 7, 34, 164
underground railroad site map for,
xiv
Manhattan Anti-Slavery Society (black women’s group), 94
Manhattan Anti-Slavery Society (Garrisonian organization), 99
Manokey, Eliza, 192–93
Mansfield, Lord, 37–38
Mansion House Hotel, 79
manumission, 127, 133
broken promises of, 199, 200
laws regulating, 40
Manumission Society, New York, 40–44, 48–50, 54, 56, 58, 64, 69, 74, 78
maritime underground railroad,
see
ships, fugitive escapes on
Martin, Peter, 61–62
Martinsburg, Va., 207
Maryland, 21, 28, 87, 116, 123, 126, 127, 128, 136, 140, 146, 204, 228
decline of slavery in, 122, 133
as destination for fugitives, 30
dispute between Pennsylvania and, 108–10
free blacks in, 16–17
fugitives originating in, 1–2, 3, 7, 10, 16–19, 25, 69, 70, 71–73, 84, 99, 108, 114–15, 122, 131, 132, 138, 150, 156, 158, 159, 160, 161, 169, 190, 191–92, 194–95, 199, 200–3, 200, 206–10, 213, 221
secession issue in, 218
underground railroad operations in, 155, 159, 200
Maryland State Penitentiary, 88
Mason, James M., 119–21, 125–26
Massachusetts, 73, 109, 121, 154
abolitionist activities in, 13, 18, 96, 106, 111, 177
charity fairs in, 183
in colonial period, 92
as destination for fugitives, 37
slavery abolished in, 36
Mather, Increase and Cotton, 92
Matlack, Lucius C., 181
Matthews, Peter, 208–9
May, Samuel J. (Syracuse), 97, 146–47, 181
May, Samuel, Jr. (Boston), 19
McCealee, Albert, 206
McCourt, Ann, 198
McHenry, Jerry, 146–47, 179
McKim, James Miller, 23, 26, 102, 103–5, 162, 176, 186, 197, 210, 211, 212, 213, 218, 222, 224
after Civil War, 226
McNamee, Theodore, 129–30
McPherson, John, 71–72
Medford, Mass., 95
Medford, N.J., 151
Melville, Herman, 147
Mendenhall, Isaac, 159
Methodists, 88, 103
manumission encouraged by, 32
metropolitan corridor, 151–89
friction between Philadelphia and N.Y. in, 175–76
metropolitan corridor (
continue
d
)
key agents in, 177–78
major sites of,
157
Metscher, Henry, 71, 75
Mexican-American War (1846–1848), 116, 120
Mexico, as safe haven for fugitives, 16, 25
Michigan, 137, 145, 212
personal liberty laws in, 216
Mickle, Andrew H., 113
Middle Passage, 104
Middletown, Del., 202
Middletown, Md., 161
Mifflin, Thomas, 38–39
military:
black Civil War regiments in, 123
freedom for slaves through, 33
Minkins, Shadrach, 148
Mirror of Liberty
, 7, 67–68, 71, 76
Mississippi, 142, 148
Mississippi Valley, 223
Missouri, 122, 192
fugitives originating in, 16
secession issue in, 218, 220
Missouri Compromise (1820), 216
Mobile, Ala., 45, 138
as destination for fugitives, 16
Moby Dick
(schooner), 147
Montreal, 148, 178
Moore, Noadiah, 88
Moore, Sarah, 172–73
moral reform, vs., 55
“moral suasion,” militant resistance vs., 75, 124, 145, 146
Morel, Junius C., 57, 166
Morgan, Edwin D., 178, 220, 227
Morgan, Margaret, 108–9
Mormons, 178
Morris, Gouverneur, 39–40
Morris, James, 198, 205
Morris, Robert H., 79
Morton, George W., 133–34, 169
Mott, James, 143
Mott, Lucretia, 143, 190–91
Mt. Pleasant, Md., 207
Mühlenberg, Henry, 35
Mullin, Joseph, 214
Munson, Alexander, 210
Murray, Anna, 1, 3, 18
Myers, Harriet, 178
Myers, Stephen, 79–80, 177–79, 182, 212–13, 221
during and after Civil War, 227
Myers, William John Jay, 178
Nalle, Charles, 190
Napoleon, Louis:
after Civil War, 230
death and funeral of, 99
marriage of, 176, 212, 253
paucity of information on, 98–99, 230
as underground railroad agent, 98–99, 107, 112, 128, 139, 140–41, 164, 172–76, 212, 230, 267
Nash, Daniel D., 52, 70–72
Nashville, Tenn., 105
Nat (fugitive), 71–72
Nation
, 226
National Anti-Slavery Bazaar, 183–84
National Anti-Slavery Standard
, 9–10, 22, 27, 58, 80, 81, 90, 93, 94–97, 100, 103, 104, 107, 114, 123, 127, 130, 131, 132–33, 159, 171, 174–75, 182, 183, 185, 187, 210, 213, 222, 228
as underground railroad site, 98, 104, 113, 162, 164, 175, 211
National Anti-Slavery Subscription Festival, 189
National Park Service, 15
“National Underground Railroad,” 223
National Underground Railroad Freedom Center, 15
Native Americans, Purvis as advocate for, 226
Neall, Daniel, 92
Neall, Elizabeth,
see
Gay, Elizabeth Neall
Nell, William C., 105, 143, 147
Nelson, Samuel, 39
New Amsterdam, 28, 30
Newark, N.J., 169
New Bedford, Mass., 145
as destination for fugitives, 4, 82, 104, 130, 167, 174, 177, 202, 205
New Bern, N.C., 106
New Castle, Del., 192, 195
New England:
AASS centered in, 81
abolitionist movement in, 8, 184
evolving safety for fugitives in, 111
Fugitive Slave Law (1850) in, 148–50
last rendition in, 150
personal liberty laws in, 216
underground railroad operations in, 3, 7–8, 48, 50, 72, 164, 172, 177
New-England Anti-Slavery Society, 54
New Hampshire, slavery abolished in, 36
New Haven, Conn., 88, 172–73, 177
New Jersey, 58, 62, 72, 89, 106, 132, 164, 173, 217, 230
fugitives originating in, 31, 34, 168
slavery abolished in, 44
New Netherland, 28, 30
New Orleans, La., 45, 73, 140
as destination for fugitives, 16
Newport, R.I., 120
newspapers:
abolitionist, 6, 14, 66, 67–68, 70, 72, 77, 97, 116, 164, 177, 180, 224
black, 46, 99, 144, 163, 178, 180
first woman editor of, 137
fugitive-slave notices in, 23, 31–32, 42, 43, 45, 68, 199, 207
proslavery, 6–7, 132, 137, 152, 159, 180, 215, 218
Republican, 178
underground railroad accomplishments reported in, 22
see also
specific publications
Newtown, Pa., 162
New York, N.Y.:
abolitionist sentiment in, 40–44, 55, 214
after abolition of slavery, 46–62
during American Revolution, 32–36
black institutions in, 46–48
charity fairs in, 183–84, 186–88
after Civil War, 227
during colonial period, 28–32
as dangerous for fugitives, 3, 71, 130, 135, 138, 168–70, 212, 213–15
decline in black population of, 136
as destination for fugitives, 3, 18, 23, 30, 31, 34, 43, 48, 73, 102–8, 126, 131, 158, 214
draft riots in, 228
economic and political ties between South and, 8–9, 44–46, 78, 94, 129–30, 138, 172, 213–14, 219–20, 228
end of underground railroad in, 224
after founding of new republic, 39–44
free black population of, 43, 46–48
Fugitive Slave Act (1850) enforced in, 126–37, 150
fugitives originating in, 30, 31, 36
group escapes through, 206
immigration to, 8
manumission in, 40–44
in metropolitan corridor, 151, 153–54, 158, 160, 162, 164–65, 172–78, 182
number of fugitives in, 10
personal liberty laws in, 217, 219
proslavery sentiment in, 8–9, 65, 96–97, 112, 174, 213, 219
slave population in, 28–30, 42–44
slaves as legally free in, 18
Southern tourism in, 45–46
underground railroad site maps for,
xiv
,
xv
New York Anti-Slavery Society, 174–75
New York Association of Friends for the Relief of Those Held in Slavery and the Improvement of the Free People of Color, 94
“New-York Characters,” 230
New York City Anti-Slavery Society, 54, 55, 58, 60, 99
New York Colored Female Vigilance Commmittee, 83
New-York Commercial Advertiser
, 70
New York Committee of Vigilance, 10, 238
New York Evangelist
, 107
New York Evening Post
, 72, 228
New York Gazette
, 31
New York Herald
, 6, 167, 211, 212, 218, 223
New York Presbytery, 186
New York state, 92, 142
black flight from, 134–36
evolving safety for fugitives in, 111, 124
freedom principle established in, 140
legal obstacles to rendition in, 51–52
population of, 42–43
slavery abolished in, 8–9, 40, 43, 44, 46, 136
New York state, upstate:
abolitionist movement in, 8, 62, 77, 79, 123, 134, 146, 180, 184
as destination for fugitives, 30, 48, 160
fugitives originating in, 31, 34, 63
underground railroad operations in, 3, 7–8, 18, 72, 82, 88, 159, 164, 172, 177, 212
New York State Anti-Slavery Society, 77, 116
New York State Vigilance Committee, 88–90, 100–101, 115, 117, 124, 128, 130, 131, 138–39, 141, 143–44, 165, 167–68, 181, 211, 230, 238, 262
cooperation between S. H. Gay and, 176
failures and decline of, 169–71
funding challenges for, 167, 168–69, 171, 186–87
S. H. Gay’s rivalry with, 185–88
New York Sun
, 99
New York Tabernacle, 117
New York Times
, 6, 25, 69, 111, 112, 134, 141, 165, 177, 217
New York Tribune
, 107, 110–12, 114, 126, 137, 143, 151, 165, 169, 210, 214, 221, 228, 230
New York Vigilance Committee, 2, 7, 9–10, 18, 19, 20, 99, 106, 111, 114
accomplishments of, 66–67, 70, 77–78
clandestine nature of, 9, 72, 77, 79, 83
court cases of, 69–72, 108
end of, 63
founding of, 62, 63–64
funding challenges of, 9, 10, 76, 77, 83, 89
fundraising for, 65–66, 85
internal conflict in, 75–77, 80, 165
origins of underground railroad in, 63–90
reorganized as New York State Vigilance Committee, 88
wide-reaching influence of, 79–80, 83
Niagara Falls, N.Y., 88
Niagara Falls Suspension Bridge, 168, 181–82, 193
Nicaragua, 142, 144
“non-resistance” philosophy, 74–75, 92–93
Norfolk, Va., 106, 140, 198, 199
underground railroad operations in, 152–54, 165, 202, 205
Northampton, Mass., 55, 77
North Carolina, 6, 57, 103, 142, 147, 196
fugitives originating in, 34, 69, 102–3, 106, 144, 146, 172, 195, 198
North Chester, Pa., 161
Northern Star
, 79
North Star
, 182
North Star Association of Ladies, 183–84
Northup, Solomon, 2
Northwest Ordinance (1787), 37
Norwich, Conn., 21
Nova Scotia, 36
Oberlin, Ohio, 149
O’Conor, Charles, 142
Ohio, 21, 81, 92, 118
personal liberty laws in, 216–17
Western Reserve of, 130
Ohio River, 37, 215
Ohio State University, 12
Olmsted, Frederick Law, 5
Orange, N.J., 174
Otis, James, 92
Pacific Hotel, 130
Page, Thomas, 153–54
Paine, Elijah, Jr., 140–42
Panic of 1857, 188, 212
panoramas, 104–5
Paris, 184
Parker, Theodore, 105
Parker, William, 146, 160
Parker, William W., 130–31