Gateway to Freedom: The Hidden History of the Underground Railroad (48 page)

Patsy, Winnie, 205, 209

Pearl
, 116–17, 123

Pembroke, James,
see
Pennington, James W. C.

Pembroke, Stephen, Robert, and Jacob, 169–70, 173

Pennington, James W. C. (James Pembroke):

     during and after Civil War, 227

     as fugitive, 3, 16, 17, 18, 24

     fugitives aided by, 5, 7, 19–20, 117, 169–70

     Garrisonians attacked by, 185–87

Pennington, Peter, 192–93

Pennsylvania, 29, 35, 62, 81, 92, 93, 118, 142–43, 203, 204, 210, 217

     charity fairs in, 183, 184

     dispute between Maryland and, 108–10

     gradual emancipation in, 36, 38

     kidnapping in, 50, 51

     rendition dispute between Virginia and, 38–39

     underground railroad operations in, 12, 13, 16, 18, 56, 89, 93, 101, 123, 158–65, 169, 172, 178, 195,
201
, 206, 208, 221

     
see also
Philadelphia, Pa.

Pennsylvania Abolition Society, 57, 61, 92

Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society, 11, 102, 151

Pennsylvania Freeman
, 50, 102

penny-a-week contributions, 83

Pennypacker, Elijah F., 160, 161

personal liberty laws, 110–11, 119, 121, 125, 149, 216–17, 219, 220

Pettis, F. H., 49

Philadelphia, Pa., 20, 21, 26, 34, 46, 53, 54, 57–58, 89, 93, 105, 136, 183–84, 191, 209, 210, 218

     Garrisonians in, 101–2

     kidnappings in, 50, 51

     in metropolitan corridor, 151, 152–54, 156, 159, 160–65, 169, 172–73, 175, 182

     as underground railroad way station, 2, 7, 10, 11–12, 73, 79, 82, 84, 87, 99, 126, 143, 168, 180, 190–93, 197, 202, 203, 205–9, 212, 213, 221–22

Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore Railroad, 1–2, 156

Philadelphia Board of Trade, 226

Philadelphia Centennial Expostion (1876), 226

Philadelphia Vigilance Committee, 11–12, 19, 23, 80, 101–2, 143, 170, 196, 226

     end of, 224

     overt and open operations of, 163

     revitalization of, 151–56, 163–64, 167, 212

Philipsburg Proclamation, 34

Phillips, Wendell, 96, 97, 105, 114, 134, 171, 218

Phoenix Literary Society, 62, 86

Phoenixville, Pa., 160, 161

Pierce, Franklin, 142

Pinckney, Charles C., 37

Pitts, Catherine, 203

Pittsfield, Mass., 183

Plymouth Church, 117

police:

     fugitives aided by, 163, 173

police (
continue
d
)

     as supportive of fugitive rendition, 113, 115, 132, 133–34, 137, 193, 211

politics:

     abolitionists’ opposing views of, 80–81

     antislavery sentiment in, 19, 81, 178

     contest over slavery in, 22–24, 89–90, 108, 119, 216–20

     in debate over territorial expansion of slavery, 116, 119, 216–18

     eschewed by Garrisonians, 96–97

     Massachusetts, 149

     
see also
specific parties

Potomac River, 207

Powell, William P., 107, 128, 136, 166

“practical” abolition, 20, 65

Pratt, Thomas, 122

Preston, Horace, 133–34

Price, John, 69

Prigg, Edward, 108–9

Prigg v. Pennsylvania
, 108–10, 113

Prince George’s County, Md., 208

Princeton Theological Institute, 86

Principia
, 224

Progressive Friends, 159–61

property, slaves considered as, 18, 32, 35, 42, 43, 83, 107, 113, 218, 219, 222, 229

propaganda:

     abolitionist, 23–24, 137

     proslavery, 23, 137, 215

prostitution, 55, 228

Protecting Society of Philadelphia, 61

Providence, R.I., 86, 138

Provincial Congress, N.Y., 39

Provincial Freeman
, 136–37, 163

Puerto Rico, 79

Puritans, 92

“purity crusade,” 228

Purvis, Harriet, 101

Purvis, Robert, 12, 79, 101–3

     as advocate for women’s rights, 226–27

     biography of, 14

Pusey, Joshua, 196

Quakers:

     antislavery stance of, 32–33, 41, 55, 58, 89, 92–94, 101, 143, 155–56, 174, 187

     conflicting views within, 94

     fugitives aided by, 3, 12, 18, 73, 159–62, 172

     militancy eschewed by, 94

Quarles, Benjamin, 24

Rachel (Tubman’s sister), 192

racial equality:

     and new abolitionists, 54

     Quakers and, 94

racial uplift, 48

racism:

     emigration as response to, 53

     in New York City, 46–48, 228

     white abolitionists accused of, 182

Radical Abolition party, 181

Radical Republicans, 216, 223

railroads, 73

     fugitive escapes by, 1–2, 17, 103, 150, 156, 160, 173, 178, 194, 202, 206–8, 210

     N.Y. and Canada linked by, 168

     N.Y. state network of, 150

     segregation, 76

Raleigh, N.C., 60

Ray, Charles B., 8, 85, 128, 229

     after Civil War, 227

     in N.Y. Vigilance Committees, 63, 75–76, 82, 86–87, 89, 100, 131, 167–68, 170, 175, 176

     in rift with L. Tappan, 170

rebellions, slave, 5, 22, 29

recaption, right of, 32, 109, 110, 113, 114–15

Reconstruction, 15, 224–25, 227, 229

Record of Fugitives (S. H. Gay):

     details of escapes in, 10, 11, 160–61, 164, 172, 182, 189, 191–210, 267

     origin chart in, 195

Red Hook, Brooklyn, 211

Remond, Charles Lenox, 92, 101

rendition:

     during Civil War, 222–23

     during colonial period, 32

     estimated number of, 134–35

     kidnapping in, 38, 52, 58, 60–61, 64–66

     last in New York City, 214

     legal obstacles to, 51–52

     legal system in, 24, 36–38, 60–61, 72, 108–10, 169, 213, 217, 220

     as mandated by federal law, 18, 217

     in secession issue, 218

     of slaves transported to free states, 37–39, 120

     threat of, 209–10

     
see also
specific fugitives and cases

Republican party, 142, 178, 181, 214, 216–18, 220–21, 223, 230

Rhode Island, gradual emancipation in, 36

Richardson, John, 173, 208

Richmond, Va., 84, 103, 104, 118, 123, 132, 149, 153, 158, 165, 196, 197, 199, 202, 214

Richmond Enquirer
, 132

Richmond Whig
, 215

Ricketson, Joseph, Jr., 104, 177

Rights of All, The
, 46

Riker, Richard, 52, 60–61, 68–70, 79

Rittenham, Joseph, 200

Robinson, Isaiah, 202

Rochester, N.Y., 19, 130, 134, 168, 181, 182

Rogers, Nathaniel P., 95–96, 187

Roper, Moses, 50

Ruggles, David:

     abolitionist stance of, 8, 20, 61–62

     as agent of underground railroad, 2–3, 6, 18, 71, 176, 182

     arrest of, 73

     biography of, 7, 14

     breach between N.Y. Vigilance Committee and, 75–77

     confrontational activism of, 73–76

     in N.Y. Vigilance Committee, 61–62, 63–68, 71–77, 80–81, 86, 88

Russell, John, 75

Russwurm, John, 53

Rynders, Isaiah, 132

Sabbath Schools, 61, 63

St Catherine’s, 202–3

Saint-Domingue, 49

St. Philip’s Episcopal Church, 53, 130

St. Stephen’s Church, 59

San Francisco, Calif., 176

Saranac
, 202

Savannah, Ga., 45, 112, 206, 211

Schweninger, Loren, 14

Scotland, abolitionist support in, 186, 197

Scott, Anna, 200

Scott, Henry, 61

Scribner, Charles, 228

Seaman, Elizabeth, 176

secession:

     crisis, 218–22

     Fugitive Slave Act (1850) in, 218–20

     of South Carolina, 214, 218

     threats of, 119, 121

     of Virginia, 142

Sedgwick, Robert, 69–70

self-emancipation, 82, 100, 164

Senate, N.Y. state, 40

Senate, U.S.:

     Fugitive Slave Law in, 125–26

     Judiciary Committee of, 224

     territorial expansion debate in, 120–22

Seward, William H., 19, 24, 78, 121, 178

sewing, 184–85

“sewing society,” 160

Sexton, Edward, 78–79

sexual abuse, 102, 199

Shadrach (slave), 202

Sharpsburg, Md., 169

Shaw, Francis G., 147

Shaw, Robert Gould, 147

Shepherd, Harriet, 161

Shields, Francis Maria, 68

Shiloh Presbyterian Church, 186

ships:

     captain’s rights on, 113

     fugitive escapes by, 1, 17, 23, 31, 47, 49, 66, 73, 84, 99, 103, 105, 106, 112, 116, 131, 134, 148, 149, 152–54, 156, 158, 165, 190, 200, 202, 205–6, 208, 209, 211, 221, 225

     in slave trade, 83

Siebert, Wilbur H., 12–14, 182

Sierra Leone, 36

Silliman, Josephus, 177

Sims, Thomas, 148

slave auctions, 29, 42, 190, 214

     mock, 117

slave catchers, 3, 17, 18, 38, 84, 98, 106, 108, 114–15, 130, 164, 167

     in Canada, 137

     fugitives rescued from, 20, 101, 190

     in New York City, 2, 9, 42–43, 46, 49, 126, 145–46, 166, 169

     obstacles to, 159, 180, 214

     police functioning as, 113, 115, 132

     prosecution of, 108–9

     in South, 3, 155

     threats of violence against, 145

slaveowners:

     benefits of Fugitive Slave Law (1850) for, 125

     broken promises of, 199, 200

     compensation for, 36, 43, 44, 45, 122, 220

     in Congress, 119, 123

     cruel and abusive, 5, 23, 29, 79, 83–84, 102, 148, 192–93, 197–98

     fugitives as monetary loss for, 4

     fugitives sought by, 3, 9, 17, 18, 35, 60–61, 68, 69, 70, 71–72, 102, 126, 131, 138, 149, 169, 173, 192, 206, 207, 210, 213, 221

     indulgent, 197

     in Manumission Society, 41

     in non-agricultural occupations, 196–97

     obstacles for, 111, 116, 117, 119, 215

     political and legal bias favoring, 137–38

     profile of, 196–97

     responsibility in rendition of, 39

     sexual abuse by, 102

     small farmers as, 196

     Supreme Court victory for, 110

     violence to, 145

     wealthy and prominent, 196, 207

Slave Power, 24–25

slavery:

     abolished in Mexico, 25

     abolished in N.Y. state, 8–9, 43–44

     children in, 197, 198

     Constitutional protection of, 37–38

     divided Southern opinion on, 122

     families separated by, 32, 103, 105, 120, 138–39, 168, 190, 192–93

     federal law protecting, 8

     as incompatible with ideology of individual liberty, 33, 137

     in Nicaragua, 144

     portrayed in entertainment, 104–5

     propaganda for, 22, 137, 215

     selling into, 21, 50, 67

     in southern economy, 50–51, 122, 195–97

     in territorial expansion debate, 116, 119, 145, 216, 220–21

     under British rule, 28–32

     under Dutch rule, 28

slaves:

     in abolitionist movement, 23–26

     autonomy of, 196

     children of, 38, 44, 108, 109, 135, 139, 161, 164–65, 172–73, 190, 192, 193, 199, 200, 202, 203, 205, 206, 209, 210, 214

     considered as free in free states, 20, 44, 64, 67, 78, 111, 115, 139–44, 212

     considered as property, 18, 32, 35, 42, 43

     estimated population of, 4

     freed by freedom principle, 140

     freedom purchased by, 87, 90, 151, 163

     freedom purchased for, 154, 156, 163, 168, 190

     illegally held, 90, 103

     killing of, 198

     market value of, 191, 195, 214

     married, 32, 108, 120, 132, 133, 138–39, 161, 165, 168, 192, 193, 199, 200–3, 204, 205, 209, 214

     in military service, 33

     mistreatment of, 5, 23, 29, 79, 83–84, 102, 148, 192–93, 197–99, 205, 208

     population of, 28–30, 156

     registering of, 38

     rental of, 192

     resistence by, 22–23, 83

     restrictions on, 31

     sale of, 2, 116, 132, 148, 154, 156, 168, 190, 197, 198–99, 200–3, 214

slave trade:

     African, 64, 66–67, 144

     Atlantic, 68

     in colonial period, 28–29

     domestic, 73, 120, 132, 140, 154, 198–99, 202

     international ban on, 108

     losses from fugitives in, 197

slave transit, right of, 67, 68, 141, 219

     repeal of, 78, 79, 107, 111, 120, 140, 142

Smedley, Robert, 12, 13

Smith, Elias, 107, 112, 113, 114, 116

Smith, Gerrit, 58–59, 66, 88, 89, 123–24, 146, 167, 168, 186, 211

Smith, James L., 73

Smith, James McCune, 42, 82, 137, 166, 174, 182

Smith, John T., 130–31

Smith, Samuel “Red Boot,” 103, 105

Smyrna, Del., 92, 198

Snowden, James, 138

Somerset
decision (1772), 37–38, 140

South Amboy, N.J., 2, 175

Southampton County, Va., 5

South Carolina, 37, 67, 68, 196

     fugitives originating in, 34, 35, 132, 195, 206, 211, 212, 218

     Sea Islands, 225, 226

     secession of, 214, 218–19

Sperryman, George, 197

Springfield, Mass., 173

Squash, Henry and Deborah, 36

Stamp Act, 34

“stampedes,” 206

Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 226–27

State Department, U.S., 144

Staten Island, 34, 93

states’ rights, federal vs., 24–26, 38–39, 109–10, 113, 125, 217, 224

Stead, James, 211